• Accepted Paper

Hall conductance in a weakly time-reversal invariant open system

Alexander Fagerlund, Christopher Ekman, and Rodrigo Arouca

Phys. Rev. Research - Accepted 28 October, 2026

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1103/y35w-4wd2

Abstract

The quantum Hall effect and the quantum anomalous Hall effect both require time-reversal invariance to be broken. We show that non-equilibrium effects can cause Hall physics to arise even when the system is weakly time-reversal symmetric and no magnetic field is applied. In our model, this occurs due to a fermionic subsystem breaking time-reversal invariance even if the system as a whole does not. The fermions receive a TRI-breaking self-energy, caused by interactions with bosonic degrees of freedom in the system and with an external reservoir. As a result, the fermions develop a non-quantized Hall conductance. We demonstrate that, unlike in the equilibrium case, the presence of a mass term is insufficient for the Hall conductance to appear, and wave-function renormalization effects have to be included.

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