• Accepted Paper

Three-dimensional multipole states of the Bose-Einstein condensate of polar molecules in a shallow two-dimensional trapping potential

S. Sanjay, S. Saravana Veni, and Boris A. Malomed

Phys. Rev. Research - Accepted 4 November, 2026

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1103/vt75-qp7h

Abstract

We investigate the formation, stability, and dynamics of three-dimensional (3D) elongated multi- pole quantum droplets (QDs), in a Bose-Einstein condensate (BEC) of polar molecules with long- range interactions between molecular electric dipoles. The condensate is confined by a 2D trapping potential, which is a combination of the harmonic-oscillator potential and a central Gaussian poten- tial hill. The system is modeled by an extended Gross-Pitaevskii (GP) equation, incorporating the dipole-dipole interactions and beyond-mean-field Lee-Huang-Yang (LHY) correction, which play a crucial role in stabilizing self-bound QD structures. In regimes of weak and strong confinement, stable multipole states with the number of lobes n = 2S are created, by means of the imaginary- time-propagation (ITP) method, from inputs with vorticity S ≤ 2. The so created multipole QDs keep no angular momentum. Stable higher-order multipole states can be produced by the ITP method from the input with S ≥ 3 up to S = 6 (i.e., 2S = 12 lobes) only under the action of strong confinement, and with the molecule number N exceeding a threshold value. We analyze the dependence of the chemical potential, energy per particle, and peak density on N and S in the weak- and strong-confinement regimes. A noteworthy fact is that, below another threshold value of N , the minimum-energy (ground) state is created by the input with S = 1, rather than S = 0. Simulations of perturbed evolution reveal that, despite satisfying energetic stability criteria, only a subset of the multipole QDs are truly stable, with higher-order ones tending to develop instabilities or relax toward lower-order states. These results highlight the essential roles of the trapping poten- tial, anisotropy of the dipole-dipole interactions, and LHY-induced repulsion in the formation and structural stability of multipole QDs.

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