- Accepted Paper
Quantum power iterations via tensor networks
Phys. Rev. Research - Accepted 1 November, 2026
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1103/sr9b-wg4l
Phys. Rev. Research - Accepted 1 November, 2026
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1103/sr9b-wg4l
In optimization, one of the well-known classical algorithms is power iterations. Simply stated, the algorithm recovers the dominant eigenvector of some diagonalizable matrix. Since numerous optimization problems can be formulated as an eigenvalue/eigenvector search, this algorithm features wide applicability. Operationally, power iterations consist of performing repeated matrix-to-vector multiplications (or ) followed by a renormalization step in order to converge to the dominant eigenvalue/eigenvector. However, classical tensor network realizations can, in the worst case, exhibit an exponential growth of the tensor ranks with the number of iterations. In this study, we propose a quantum realization that offers a possible route around this bottleneck. Our method involves casting low-rank representations — Matrix Product Operators (MPO) for matrices and Matrix Product States (MPS) for vectors — into quantum circuits. Specifically, we recover a unitary approximation by variationally minimizing the Frobenius distance between a target MPO and an MPO ansatz wherein the tensor cores are constrained to unitaries. Such unitary MPO can be implemented as a quantum circuit with the addition of ancillary qubits. Thereafter, with appropriate initialization and post-selection on the ancillary space, we realize a single iteration of the classical algorithm. With our proposed methodology, power iterations can be realized entirely on a quantum computer via repeated, static circuit blocks. Moreover, by exploiting Riemannian optimization and cross-approximation techniques, our methodology becomes instance agnostic and thus allows one to address black-box optimization of functions admitting low-rank tensor network representations within the framework of quantum computing. We emphasize that the present work establishes the construction and analyzes the conditions under which it operates reliably; it does not demonstrate an end-to-end computational advantage over classical tensor network optimization, which we discuss explicitly.
If the author has provided any supplemental materials with this article they will be available upon publication of the version of record.