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Intermodal entanglement in a quantum optical model of high-harmonic generation due to the backaction on the driving field

Ákos Gombkötő1,*, Peter Adam1,2, David Theidel3, and Tamás Kiss1

  • *Contact author: gombkoto.akos@wigner.hun-ren.hu
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Phys. Rev. Research 8, 033154 – Published 10 August, 2026

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1103/wf93-dyn6

Abstract

Preparation of nonclassical light with special quantum properties is essential for quantum technologies. High-harmonic generation (HHG) is a process that not only enables the creation of attosecond pulses but also has the potential to generate light with intricate quantum properties. In a recent experiment [PRX Quantum 5, 040319 (2024)], nonclassical interharmonic correlations have been measured from an HHG source between low-order harmonics. In this work, we theoretically investigate entanglement between different harmonics within an effective, phenomenological quantum optical model. This model implements a significant degree of simplification regarding the processes within the target material, treating the material through susceptibilities, as it is usual in quantum optics. Such an approach yields a general description of HHG in the few-harmonic generation regime, permitting the implications that can be derived within it to hold broadly within the domain of validity. We find that entanglement is produced as a result of the often neglected backaction. We can qualitatively reproduce experimentally measured nonclassicalities, which suggests that intermodal entanglement can, to an extent, be considered a universal phenomenon associated with HHG, rather than a result of using specific material targets.

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Phys. Rev. Research 8, 033154– Published 10 August, 2026
  • Received 3 March 2026
  • Accepted 13 July 2026
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