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  • Open Access

Irreversible behavior and neural activity in the hippocampus

Kaiyue Shi

Christopher W. Lynn*

  • Department of Physics, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06511, USA; Quantitative Biology Institute, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06511, USA; and Wu Tsai Institute, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06510, USA

  • *Contact author: christopher.lynn@yale.edu
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Phys. Rev. Research 8, 033315 – Published 15 September, 2026

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1103/s4dl-xg31

Abstract

In the brain, neural activity undergoes directed flows between states, thus breaking time-reversal symmetry. At the same time, animals also exhibit irreversible flows between behavioral states. Yet it remains unclear whether—and how—irreversibility in the brain relates to irreversibility in behavior. Here, we explore this connection in the hippocampus, where neural activity encodes physical location. We show that hippocampal irreversibility can be quantified using the time-delayed cross-correlations between neurons. As a mouse moves along a virtual track, we find that physical flows through the animal's environment generate neural flows through its cognitive map. Strikingly, this neural irreversibility is reproduced by a minimal sensory-representation model with only three parameters: the average velocity of the mouse, the variance in this velocity, and the resolution of the neural encoding. Together, these results provide a mechanistic understanding of irreversibility in the hippocampus and shed light on the links between symmetry breaking in the brain and behavior.

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Phys. Rev. Research 8, 033315– Published 15 September, 2026
  • Received 23 January 2026
  • Accepted 27 August 2026
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