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Correlation-induced phase shifts and time delays in resonance-enhanced high-harmonic generation

Yoad Aharon1, Adi Pick1, Amir Hen1, Gilad Marcus1,*, and Ofer Neufeld2,†

  • *Contact author: gilad.marcus@mail.huji.ac.il
  • †Contact author: ofern@technion.ac.il
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Phys. Rev. Research 8, 013063 – Published 21 January, 2026

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1103/rwtl-3b3g

Abstract

We investigate resonance-enhanced high-harmonic generation (rHHG) in Cr+ by comparing a one-dimensional (1D) shape-resonant model, time-dependent density functional theory (TDDFT), and independent particle approximation (IPA) simulations. Previous studies linked rHHG to the 3p→3d giant resonance, suggesting a modified four-step model where recolliding electrons are first captured in the autoionization state before recombining into the ground state, potentially leading to an emission delay associated with the resonance lifetime. While both the 1D model and TDDFT reproduce experimental spectra, TDDFT reveals that rHHG counterintuitively originates from spin-down 3p states, while spin-up 3d electrons negligibly contribute. The IPA fails to reproduce rHHG, highlighting the significance of electron correlations. Furthermore, TDDFT revealed a correlation-induced ∼480 as time delay, accompanied by a strong phase shift across the resonance, potentially explaining earlier reconstruction of attosecond beating by interference of two-photon transitions measurements. Our work sheds light on long-standing open questions in rHHG and should advance ultrafast spectroscopies of electron correlations and resonances.

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Phys. Rev. Research 8, 013063– Published 21 January, 2026
  • Received 19 June 2025
  • Revised 16 September 2025
  • Accepted 28 November 2025
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Published by the American Physical Society under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International license. Further distribution of this work must maintain attribution to the author(s) and the published article's title, journal citation, and DOI.

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