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  • Open Access

Curvature-induced bound states in quantum wires

Tim Bergmann*, Benjamin Schwager*,†, and Jamal Berakdar

  • *These authors contributed equally to this work.
  • †Contact author: benjamin.schwager@physik.uni-halle.de
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Phys. Rev. Research 8, 033228 – Published 25 August, 2026

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1103/rt1z-yf5j

Abstract

A classical particle under spatial constraints is strictly confined to live on a specific space manifold or path, but this assumption is incompatible with the zero-point fluctuations of a quantum particle. One way to treat quantum mechanics under constraints is the confinement potential approach (CPA). For a nonrelativistic particle, the CPA maps the problem onto the solution of a Schrödinger-type equation in an isometrically embedded Riemannian submanifold of Euclidean space while the motion along orthogonal directions is decoupled and spatially confined. This approach respects quantum uncertainty, and one of its key results is the appearance of geometry- and metric-induced potentials that affect the stationary states and the dynamics of the particle. For particles constrained to different spaces, such as structures hosting sharp bends, vertices, wedges, conical apices, tips, or self-intersections, a formalism beyond the CPA is needed. Here, a step toward a CPA extension for irregular spaces is presented. After classifying the possible geometric irregularities concerning the CPA formalism, the presentation is focused on a sharply bent quantum wire modeled as an embedded curve with singular (but absolutely integrable) curvature. For a subclass fulfilling the additional requirement that the geometric potential is a distribution of first order, a solution scheme for the confined Schrödinger equation is presented based on singular Sturm-Liouville theory and operator theoretic methods. The analytical considerations and numerical simulations evidence the existence of curvature-induced bound states with nondifferentiable wave functions localized around the singular point, with an extension well beyond the singularity. Furthermore, a multitude of scattering states appear that may affect the transport and optical properties of the system.

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Phys. Rev. Research 8, 033228– Published 25 August, 2026
  • Received 1 April 2026
  • Accepted 17 July 2026
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Published by the American Physical Society under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International license. Further distribution of this work must maintain attribution to the author(s) and the published article's title, journal citation, and DOI.

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