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  • Open Access

Quantification of competition dynamics in multispecies systems using landscape and flux theory

Linqi Wang1,2, Kun Zhang2, and Jin Wang3,*

  • *Contact author: jin.wang.1@stonybrook.edu
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Phys. Rev. Research 7, 043179 – Published 18 November, 2025

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1103/q1bs-gbyl

Abstract

Multispecies competition models contribute to understanding how various species interact in natural ecosystems and how these interactions influence population dynamics and ecosystem stability. However, achieving a comprehensive and physical understanding behind species competition remains challenging. Based on the nonequilibrium landscape-flux theory, we developed a resource competition model that reveals underlying landscape to quantify global stability. We found that the dynamics of species competing for resources are influenced not only by landscape gradients but also by rotational flux. We further unveiled the underlying thermodynamic and dynamic mechanisms driving species competition. By leveraging the time irreversibility of nonequilibrium systems, we quantified the primary irreversible dynamical pathways and provided early warning indicators for predicting critical transitions. Through global sensitivity analysis of barrier heights, we revealed the critical impact of resource supply on state stability. This study offers a comprehensive physical explanation for understanding species competition at a global perspective.

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Phys. Rev. Research 7, 043179– Published 18 November, 2025
  • Received 23 February 2025
  • Accepted 27 October 2025
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Published by the American Physical Society under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International license. Further distribution of this work must maintain attribution to the author(s) and the published article's title, journal citation, and DOI.

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