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  • Open Access

Improving the efficiency of finite-time memory erasure with potential barrier shaping

Vipul Rai1,* and Moupriya Das2,†

  • *Contact author: d23176@students.iitmandi.ac.in
  • †Contact author: moupriya@iitmandi.ac.in
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Phys. Rev. Research 8, 023031 – Published 8 April, 2026

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1103/kwg2-b74f

Abstract

Erasure of the binary memory, 0 or 1, is an essential step for digital computation as it involves irreversible logic operations. In the classical case, the erasure of a bit of memory is accompanied by the evolution of a minimum amount of heat set by the Landauer bound kBTln2, which can be achieved in the asymptotic limit. However, the erasure of memory needs to be completed within a finite time for practical and effective computational processes. It is observed that the higher the speed of erasure, the greater the amount of heat released, which leads to unfavorable environmental conditions. Therefore, this is a fundamental challenge to reduce the evolved heat related to finite-time memory erasure. In the present work, we address this crucial aspect in the field of information thermodynamics. We proceed by considering the physical model framework where the two memory states correspond to the two wells of a bistable potential, as in the conventional cases. However, the potential is asymmetric in terms of the width of the two wells. Moreover, the two memory states are separated by a barrier that is asymmetric in structure. This type of asymmetry models the two binary memory states that occupy different phase-space volumes, although they are energetically equivalent, in a general setup. We examine in detail the effect of the degree of asymmetry on the success rate of the erasure process and the work done or heat released associated with it. We find that the asymmetry in the width of the potential wells and the barrier partitioning them, i.e., the two memory states, plays a very significant role in improving the efficiency of the erasure process, in view of the success rate and the thermodynamic costs. Our thorough simulation study establishes the fact that one can reach below the Landauer bound in an appropriate asymmetric setup. Importantly, it develops a quantitative understanding of the deviation from the Landauer limit as a function of the degree of asymmetry of the potential governing the erasure mechanism. Moreover, through our current work, we identify the effective free energy change for the finite-time bit erasure process as a general lower bound for the work done or evolved heat even when the departure from the Landauer limit is observed. We retrieve the approach toward the Landauer limit in terms of the energetics involved with the erasure mechanism under the symmetric setup.

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Phys. Rev. Research 8, 023031– Published 8 April, 2026
  • Received 24 September 2025
  • Accepted 12 March 2026
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