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Nonlocal Josephson diode effect in minimal Kitaev chains

Jorge Cayao1,* and Masatoshi Sato2,†

  • 1Department of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, Box 516, S-751 20 Uppsala, Sweden
  • 2Center for Gravitational Physics and Quantum Information, Yukawa Institute for Theoretical Physics, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan

  • *Contact author: jorge.cayao@physics.uu.se
  • †Contact author: msato@yukawa.kyoto-u.ac.jp
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Phys. Rev. Research 8, 013326 – Published 26 March, 2026

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1103/hf7s-f7tj

Abstract

We study the emergence of the nonlocal Josephson effect in a system composed of three laterally coupled minimal Kitaev chains and exploit it to realize the nonlocal Josephson diode effect. We find that an imbalance between crossed Andreev reflections and electron cotunneling in the middle Kitaev chain gives rise to an asymmetric 2π-periodic phase-dependent Andreev spectrum, controlled by the superconducting phases across the left and right junctions. We then show that the asymmetric Andreev spectrum, formed by hybridized Andreev bound states at the left and right junctions, enables a supercurrent across one junction via the phase difference at the other junction, thereby signaling the nonlocal Josephson effect. Notably, these nonlocal Josephson supercurrents exhibit distinct positive and negative critical currents, demonstrating the realization of the nonlocal Josephson diode effect with highly tunable polarity and efficiencies exceeding 50%. The nonlocal Josephson diode effect requires breaking local time-reversal and local charge-conjugation symmetries, with the latter being unique to minimal Kitaev chains. Our results establish minimal Kitaev chains as a highly controllable platform for engineering nonlocal Josephson phenomena.

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Phys. Rev. Research 8, 013326– Published 26 March, 2026
  • Received 7 December 2025
  • Accepted 9 March 2026
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