- Open Access
Single-particle Fraunhofer diffraction in a classical pilot-wave model
Phys. Rev. Research 7, 033288 – Published 26 September, 2025
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1103/gn48-nxwk
Abstract
Walking oil droplets offer a qualitative, classical analog of single-particle diffraction. Making this analog quantitative has proven challenging, leading recent authors to conjecture that no classical pilot-wave model could exhibit Fraunhofer diffraction. We revisit the problem with the recent, Lagrangian pilot-wave model of Darrow and Bush [Symmetry 16, 149 (2024)], and find agreement with both single- and double-slit Fraunhofer patterns. We identify two distinct dynamical features that enable our model to capture Fraunhofer diffraction and distinguish it from previous classical pilot-wave models.
Physics Subject Headings (PhySH)
Article Text
References (37)
- R. S. G. Britain, Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London (W. Bowyer and J. Nichols for Lockyer Davis, printer to the Royal Society, London, United Kingdom, 1804), Vol. 94.
- C. Huygens, Traité de la Lumière, Les Maitres de la Pensée Scientifique (Gauthier-Villars, Paris, France, 1920).
- A. Fresnel, Memoire sur la diffraction de la lumiere in Mémoires de l'Académie des sciences, tome V (Crochard, Paris, 1819), pp. 339–475.
- G. I. Taylor, Interference fringes with feeble light, Proc. Camb. Philos. Soc. 15, 114 (1909).
- A. Einstein, Über einen die Erzeugung und Verwandlung des Lichtes betreffenden heuristischen Gesichtspunkt, Ann. Phys. 322, 132 (1905).
- L. De Broglie, Recherches sur la théorie des quanta, Ann. Phys. 10, 22 (1925).
- C. J. Davisson and L. H. Germer, Reflection of electrons by a crystal of nickel, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 14, 317 (1928).
- R. P. Feynman, R. B. Leighton, and M. Sands, The Feynman Lectures on Physics: The Definitive Edition (Pearson, San Francisco, 2009), Vol. 3.
- D. Darrow and J. W. M. Bush, Revisiting de Broglie’s double-solution pilot-wave theory with a Lorentz-covariant Lagrangian framework, Symmetry 16, 149 (2024).
- Y. Couder and E. Fort, Single-particle diffraction and interference at a macroscopic scale, Phys. Rev. Lett. 97, 154101 (2006).
- L. de Broglie, Interpretation of quantum mechanics by the double solution theory, Ann. Fond. Louis de Broglie 12, 1 (1987).
- J. W. M. Bush, Pilot-wave hydrodynamics, Annu. Rev. Fluid Mech. 47, 269 (2015).
- A. Andersen, J. Madsen, C. Reichelt, S. Rosenlund Ahl, B. Lautrup, C. Ellegaard, M. T. Levinsen, and T. Bohr, Double-slit experiment with single wave-driven particles and its relation to quantum mechanics, Phys. Rev. E 92, 013006 (2015).
- T. Bohr, A. Andersen, and B. Lautrup, Recent Advances in Fluid Dynamics with Environmental Applications in Bouncing Droplets, Pilot-Waves, and Quantum Mechanics, edited by J. Klapp, L. Di G. Sigalotti, A. Medina, A. López, and G. Ruiz-Chavarría, (Springer, Cham, Switzerland, 2016), pp. 335–349.
- G. Pucci, D. M. Harris, L. M. Faria, and J. W. M. Bush, Walking droplets interacting with single and double slits, J. Fluid Mech. 835, 1136 (2018).
- C. Ellegaard and M. T. Levinsen, Interaction of wave-driven particles with slit structures, Phys. Rev. E 102, 023115 (2020).
- J. W. M. Bush and A. U. Oza, Hydrodynamic quantum analogs, Rep. Prog. Phys. 84, 017001 (2021).
- D. Darrow, Convergence to Bohmian mechanics in a de Broglie-like pilot-wave system, Found. Phys. 55, 13 (2025).
- M. Durey and J. W. M. Bush, Classical pilot-wave dynamics: The free particle, Chaos 31, 033136 (2021).
- Y. Dagan and J. Bush, Hydrodynamic quantum field theory: The free particle, C. R. Mec. 348, 555 (2020).
- M. Durey and J. Bush, Hydrodynamic quantum field theory: The onset of particle motion and the form of the pilot wave, Front. Phys. 8, 300 (2020).
- P. R. Holland, The Quantum Theory of Motion: An Account of the de Broglie-Bohm Causal Interpretation of Quantum Mechanics (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK, 1993).
- C. Philippidis, C. Dewdney, and B. J. Hiley, Quantum interference and the quantum potential, Nuov. Cim. 52, 15 (1979).
- We have changed units slightly from our previous work [9], for clarity; the range we study here corresponds to the previously reported values .
- D. Hestenes, Zitterbewegung structure in electrons and photons, arXiv:1910.11085.
- We note that an alternative choice of particle-wave coupling was investigated by Darrow [18], wherein the particle is coupled to the complex phase of . He showed that, in the nonrelativistic limit , this system converges exactly to single-particle Bohmian mechanics. Like Bohmian mechanics, then, this limit must exhibit Fraunhofer diffraction [23]. However, since wave propagation speed grows to infinity in this limit, it does not provide a compelling example of local, classical pilot-wave diffraction, so we consider it no further.
- B. K. Primkulov, D. J. Evans, V. Frumkin, P. J. Sáenz, and J. W. M. Bush, Diffraction of walking drops by a standing Faraday wave, Phys. Rev. Res. 7, 013226 (2025).
- G. Pucci, A. Bellaigue, A. Cirimele, G. Alì, and A. U. Oza, Single-particle diffraction with a hydrodynamic pilot-wave model, Phys. Rev. E 111, L033101 (2025).
- A. Tonomura, J. Endo, T. Matsuda, T. Kawasaki, and H. Ezawa, Demonstration of single-electron buildup of an interference pattern, Am. J. Phys. 57, 117 (1989).
- A. H. Tavabi, C. B. Boothroyd, E. Yücelen, S. Frabboni, G. C. Gazzadi, R. E. Dunin-Borkowski, and G. Pozzi, The Young-Feynman controlled double-slit electron interference experiment, Sci. Rep. 9, 10458 (2019).
- F. Yates, Contingency tables involving small numbers and the test, Suppl. J. R. Stat. Soc. 1, 217 (1934).
- P. R. Bevington and D. K. Robinson, Data Reduction and Error Analysis for the Physical Sciences, 3rd ed. (McGraw-Hill, New York, 2003).
- E. Fort and Y. Couder, Trajectory eigenmodes of an orbiting wave source, Europhys. Lett. 102, 16005 (2013).
- M. Durey, P. A. Milewski, and Z. Wang, Faraday pilot-wave dynamics in a circular corral, J. Fluid Mech. 891, A3 (2020).
- J. S. Bell, On the Einstein–Podolsky–Rosen paradox, Phys. Phys. Fiz. 1, 195 (1964).
- A. Aspect, P. Grangier, and G. Roger, Experimental tests of realistic local theories via Bell’s theorem, Phys. Rev. Lett. 47, 460 (1981).
- S. H. Strogatz, Nonlinear Dynamics and Chaos: With Applications to Physics, Biology, Chemistry and Engineering (Westview Press, Boulder, CO, USA, 2000).