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Spectroscopic imaging of tin vapor near plasma threshold

D. J. Engels1,2, H. K. Schubert1,2, M. Kharbedia1, W. Ubachs1,2, and O. O. Versolato1,2,*

  • *Contact author: versolato@arcnl.nl
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Phys. Rev. Research 7, 023307 – Published 26 June, 2025

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1103/f8l3-cyvx

Abstract

We report on the spectroscopic imaging of tin vapors laser generated from thin liquid tin targets using laser intensities around the threshold of plasma formation. Specifically, we study tin vapor using an extinction imaging method in the UV regime (230–400 nm) to obtain 40−µm spatial-resolution images with 10−cm−1-resolution spectra 100ns after vaporization. The vapor is created by irradiating a nonoxidized free-flying thin film with a nanosecond laser pulse, the intensity of which is varied between 1and130×107W/cm2, from below to above the threshold of producing plasma. Vapors created with laser intensities below 40×107W/cm2 exhibit a spatially homogeneous neutral atomic component, with a temperature around 3000 K, as well as a broadband component due to nanoparticles. The morphology and composition of the vapor change as the plasma forms during vaporization at higher intensities, with the temperature of the vapor rising to 8000K at the highest intensity. At these intensities, the broadband component disappears, indicating that it is a vapor composed only of free atoms.

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Phys. Rev. Research 7, 023307– Published 26 June, 2025
  • Received 14 February 2025
  • Accepted 10 June 2025
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Published by the American Physical Society under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International license. Further distribution of this work must maintain attribution to the author(s) and the published article's title, journal citation, and DOI.

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