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Vimentin networks at high strains

Shanay Zafari1, Sophia Schirra1, Raffaele Mendozza2, Sascha Lambert3, Kristian A. T. Pajanonot1,3,4, Pallavi Kumari1, Peter Sollich2,5, and Sarah Köster1,4,*

  • *Contact author: sarah.koester@uni-goettingen.de
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Phys. Rev. Research 8, 013020 – Published 12 January, 2026

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1103/b6kp-858m

Abstract

The cytoskeleton is crucial in maintaining cell shape and structural integrity. It consists of three types of filaments—actin filaments, microtubules, and intermediate filaments (IFs). Among them, actin filaments and IFs exhibit distinctly different force-strain behavior: while IFs show nonlinear behavior with exceptional extensibility and remarkable resistance against rupture at high strains, actin filaments break at low strains. Here, we address the question of whether the intriguing mechanical behavior of vimentin IFs translates to the network scale. We apply high strains to in vitro reconstituted networks using optical tweezers and find contrastive behavior for the two cytoskeletal networks: vimentin networks show strain stiffening behavior and respond in an elastic, solidlike manner with high forces opposing the active movement of the beads, whereas actin networks strain soften and fluidize at low forces. Our work highlights the complementary nature of the components of the cytoskeleton, which—in the cell—are partly colocalized and believed to constitute a composite biological material.

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Phys. Rev. Research 8, 013020– Published 12 January, 2026
  • Received 28 September 2025
  • Accepted 12 December 2025
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