- Physical Review Journals
All JournalsPhysics Magazine

Physical Review Research

Reuse & Permissions

It is not necessary to obtain permission to reuse this article or its components as it is available under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International license. This license permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided attribution to the author(s) and the published article's title, journal citation, and DOI are maintained. Please note that some figures may have been included with permission from other third parties. It is your responsibility to obtain the proper permission from the rights holder directly for these figures.

Export citation

Export citation

Choose format for download:

Download Citation
  • Letter
  • Open Access

Hardware-efficient stabilization of entanglement via engineered dissipation in superconducting circuits

Changling Chen1,2,*, Kai Tang2,3,*, Yuxuan Zhou2,3, KangYuan Yi2,3, Xuan Zhang2,3, Xu Zhang2,3, Haosheng Guo2,3, Song Liu1,2,4,5, Yuanzhen Chen3,6,7,† et al.

Tongxing Yan1,2,4,‡ and Dapeng Yu1,2,3,4,5

  • *These authors contributed equally to this work.
  • †Contact author: chenyz@sustech.edu.cn
  • ‡Contact author: yantx@sustech.edu.cn
PDF

Phys. Rev. Research 7, L022018 – Published 16 April, 2025

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevResearch.7.L022018

Abstract

Generation and preservation of quantum entanglement are among the primary tasks in quantum information processing. State stabilization via quantum bath engineering offers a resource-efficient approach to achieve this objective. However, current methods for engineering dissipative channels to stabilize target entangled states often require specialized hardware designs, complicating experimental realization and hindering their compatibility with scalable quantum computation architectures. In this work, we propose and experimentally demonstrate a stabilization protocol readily implementable in the mainstream integrated superconducting quantum circuits. The approach utilizes a Raman process involving a resonant (or nearly resonant) superconducting qubit array and the qubits' dedicated readout resonators to effectively develop nonlocal dissipative channels. Leveraging individual controllability of the qubits and resonators, the protocol stabilizes two-qubit Bell states with a fidelity of 90.7%, marking the highest reported value in solid-state platforms to date. Furthermore, by extending this strategy to include three qubits, an entangled W state is achieved with a fidelity of 86.2%. This demonstrates the protocol's extensibility beyond two-qubit systems. Notably, the protocol is of practical interest since it only utilizes existing hardware common to standard operations in the underlying superconducting circuits, thereby facilitating the exploration of many-body quantum entanglement with dissipative resources.

View figure in article

Physics Subject Headings (PhySH)

Article Text

Supplemental Material

References (52)

  1. M. A. Nielsen and I. L. Chuang, Quantum Computation and Quantum Information: 10th Anniversary Edition (Cambridge University, Cambridge, England, 2010).
  2. F. Arute, K. Arya, R. Babbush et al., Quantum supremacy using a programmable superconducting processor, Nature (London) 574, 505 (2019).
  3. Y. Wu, W.-S. Bao, S. Cao et al., Strong quantum computational advantage using a superconducting quantum processor, Phys. Rev. Lett. 127, 180501 (2021).
  4. H.-S. Zhong, Y.-H. Deng, J. Qin et al., Phase-programmable Gaussian boson sampling using stimulated squeezed light, Phys. Rev. Lett. 127, 180502 (2021).
  5. P. M. Harrington, E. J. Mueller, and K. W. Murch, Engineered dissipation for quantum information science, Nat. Rev. Phys. 4, 660 (2022).
  6. Y. Lin, J. P. Gaebler, F. Reiter, T. R. Tan, R. Bowler, A. S. Sørensen, D. Leibfried, and D. J. Wineland, Dissipative production of a maximally entangled steady state of two quantum bits, Nature (London) 504, 415 (2013).
  7. Z. Leghtas, S. Touzard, I. M. Pop et al., Confining the state of light to a quantum manifold by engineered two-photon loss, Science 347, 853 (2015).
  8. A. Grimm, N. E. Frattini, S. Puri, S. O. Mundhada, S. Touzard, M. Mirrahimi, S. M. Girvin, S. Shankar, and M. H. Devoret, Stabilization and operation of a Kerr-cat qubit, Nature (London) 584, 205 (2020).
  9. X. Mi, A. A. Michailidis, S. Shabani et al., Stable quantum-correlated many-body states through engineered dissipation, Science 383, 1332 (2024).
  10. J. M. Gertler, S. van Geldern, S. Shirol, L. Jiang, and C. Wang, Experimental realization and characterization of stabilized pair-coherent states, PRX Quantum 4, 020319 (2023).
  11. J. M. Gertler, B. Baker, J. Li, S. Shirol, J. Koch, and C. Wang, Protecting a bosonic qubit with autonomous quantum error correction, Nature (London) 590, 243 (2021).
  12. Q. Xu, G. Zheng, Y.-X. Wang, P. Zoller, A. A. Clerk, and L. Jiang, Autonomous quantum error correction and fault-tolerant quantum computation with squeezed cat qubits, npj Quantum Inf. 9, 78 (2023).
  13. M. Naghiloo, M. Abbasi, Y. N. Joglekar, and K. W. Murch, Quantum state tomography across the exceptional point in a single dissipative qubit, Nat. Phys. 15, 1232 (2019).
  14. C. Noel, P. Niroula, D. Zhu, A. Risinger, L. Egan, D. Biswas, M. Cetina, A. V. Gorshkov, M. J. Gullans, D. A. Huse, and C. Monroe, Measurement-induced quantum phases realized in a trapped-ion quantum computer, Nat. Phys. 18, 760 (2022).
  15. J. M. Koh, S.-N. Sun, M. Motta, and A. J. Minnich, Measurement-induced entanglement phase transition on a superconducting quantum processor with mid-circuit readout, Nat. Phys. 19, 1314 (2023).
  16. P.-R. Han, F. Wu, X.-J. Huang et al., Exceptional entanglement phenomena: Non-Hermiticity meeting nonclassicality, Phys. Rev. Lett. 131, 260201 (2023).
  17. F. Schreck and K. v. Druten, Laser cooling for quantum gases, Nat. Phys. 17, 1296 (2021).
  18. J. D. Teufel, T. Donner, D. Li, J. W. Harlow, M. S. Allman, K. Cicak, A. J. Sirois, J. D. Whittaker, K. W. Lehnert, and R. W. Simmonds, Sideband cooling of micromechanical motion to the quantum ground state, Nature (London) 475, 359 (2011).
  19. S. Kotler, G. A. Peterson, E. Shojaee, F. Lecocq, K. Cicak, A. Kwiatkowski, S. Geller, S. Glancy, E. Knill, R. W. Simmonds, J. Aumentado, and J. D. Teufel, Direct observation of deterministic macroscopic entanglement, Science 372, 622 (2021).
  20. L. Feng, W. L. Tan, A. De, A. Menon, A. Chu, G. Pagano, and C. Monroe, Efficient ground-state cooling of large trapped-ion chains with an electromagnetically-induced-transparency tripod scheme, Phys. Rev. Lett. 125, 053001 (2020).
  21. D. C. Cole, S. D. Erickson, G. Zarantonello, K. P. Horn, P.-Y. Hou, J. J. Wu, D. H. Slichter, F. Reiter, C. P. Koch, and D. Leibfried, Resource-efficient dissipative entanglement of two trapped-ion qubits, Phys. Rev. Lett. 128, 080502 (2022).
  22. M. Malinowski, C. Zhang, V. Negnevitsky, I. Rojkov, F. Reiter, T.-L. Nguyen, M. Stadler, D. Kienzler, K. K. Mehta, and J. P. Home, Generation of a maximally entangled state using collective optical pumping, Phys. Rev. Lett. 128, 080503 (2022).
  23. S. Shankar, M. Hatridge, Z. Leghtas, K. M. Sliwa, A. Narla, U. Vool, S. M. Girvin, L. Frunzio, M. Mirrahimi, and M. H. Devoret, Autonomously stabilized entanglement between two superconducting quantum bits, Nature (London) 504, 419 (2013).
  24. M. E. Kimchi-Schwartz, L. Martin, E. Flurin, C. Aron, M. Kulkarni, H. E. Tureci, and I. Siddiqi, Stabilizing entanglement via symmetry-selective bath engineering in superconducting qubits, Phys. Rev. Lett. 116, 240503 (2016).
  25. T. Brown, E. Doucet, D. Ristè, G. Ribeill, K. Cicak, J. Aumentado, R. Simmonds, L. Govia, A. Kamal, and L. Ranzani, Trade off-free entanglement stabilization in a superconducting qutrit-qubit system, Nat. Commun. 13, 3994 (2022).
  26. A. Blais, A. L. Grimsmo, S. M. Girvin, and A. Wallraff, Circuit quantum electrodynamics, Rev. Mod. Phys. 93, 025005 (2021).
  27. M. Kjaergaard, M. E. Schwartz, J. Braumüller, P. Krantz, J. I.-J. Wang, S. Gustavsson, and W. D. Oliver, Superconducting qubits: Current state of play, Annu. Rev. Condens. Matter Phys. 11, 369 (2020).
  28. E. Kapit, The upside of noise: engineered dissipation as a resource in superconducting circuits, Quantum Sci. Technol. 2, 033002 (2017).
  29. K. W. Murch, U. Vool, D. Zhou, S. J. Weber, S. M. Girvin, and I. Siddiqi, Cavity-assisted quantum bath engineering, Phys. Rev. Lett. 109, 183602 (2012).
  30. K. Geerlings, Z. Leghtas, I. M. Pop, S. Shankar, L. Frunzio, R. J. Schoelkopf, M. Mirrahimi, and M. H. Devoret, Demonstrating a driven reset protocol for a superconducting qubit, Phys. Rev. Lett. 110, 120501 (2013).
  31. Y. Lu, S. Chakram, N. Leung, N. Earnest, R. K. Naik, Z. Huang, P. Groszkowski, E. Kapit, J. Koch, and D. I. Schuster, Universal stabilization of a parametrically coupled qubit, Phys. Rev. Lett. 119, 150502 (2017).
  32. P. Magnard, P. Kurpiers, B. Royer, T. Walter, J.-C. Besse, S. Gasparinetti, M. Pechal, J. Heinsoo, S. Storz, A. Blais, and A. Wallraff, Fast and unconditional all-microwave reset of a superconducting qubit, Phys. Rev. Lett. 121, 060502 (2018).
  33. Y. Zhou, Z. Zhang, Z. Yin et al., Rapid and unconditional parametric reset protocol for tunable superconducting qubits, Nat. Commun. 12, 5924 (2021).
  34. M. McEwen, D. Kafri, Z. Chen et al., Removing leakage-induced correlated errors in superconducting quantum error correction, Nat. Commun. 12, 1761 (2021).
  35. J. F. Marques, H. Ali, B. M. Varbanov, M. Finkel, H. M. Veen, S. L. M. van der Meer, S. Valles-Sanclemente, N. Muthusubramanian, M. Beekman, N. Haider, B. M. Terhal, and L. DiCarlo, All-microwave leakage reduction units for quantum error correction with superconducting transmon qubits, Phys. Rev. Lett. 130, 250602 (2023).
  36. N. Lacroix, L. Hofele, A. Remm, O. Benhayoune-Khadraoui, A. McDonald, R. Shillito, S. Lazar, C. Hellings, F. Swiadek, D. Colao-Zanuz, A. Flasby, M. B. Panah, M. Kerschbaum, G. J. Norris, A. Blais, A. Wallraff, and S. Krinner, Fast flux-activated leakage reduction for superconducting quantum circuits, Phys. Rev. Lett. 134, 120601 (2025).
  37. Y. Liu, S. Shankar, N. Ofek, M. Hatridge, A. Narla, K. M. Sliwa, L. Frunzio, R. J. Schoelkopf, and M. H. Devoret, Comparing and combining measurement-based and driven-dissipative entanglement stabilization, Phys. Rev. X 6, 011022 (2016).
  38. A. C. Santos and R. Bachelard, Generation of maximally entangled long-lived states with giant atoms in a waveguide, Phys. Rev. Lett. 130, 053601 (2023).
  39. Z. Li, T. Roy, D. Rodríguez Pérez, K.-H. Lee, E. Kapit, and D. I. Schuster, Autonomous error correction of a single logical qubit using two transmons, Nat. Commun. 15, 1681 (2024).
  40. Z. Li, T. Roy, Y. Lu, E. Kapit, and D. I. Schuster, Autonomous stabilization with programmable stabilized state, Nat. Commun. 15, 6978 (2024).
  41. R. Ma, B. Saxberg, C. Owens, N. Leung, Y. Lu, J. Simon, and D. I. Schuster, A dissipatively stabilized Mott insulator of photons, Nature (London) 566, 51 (2019).
  42. F. Petiziol and A. Eckardt, Cavity-based reservoir engineering for Floquet-engineered superconducting circuits, Phys. Rev. Lett. 129, 233601 (2022).
  43. Y. Wang, K. Snizhko, A. Romito, Y. Gefen, and K. Murch, Dissipative preparation and stabilization of many-body quantum states in a superconducting qutrit array, Phys. Rev. A 108, 013712 (2023).
  44. S. Hacohen-Gourgy, V. V. Ramasesh, C. De Grandi, I. Siddiqi, and S. M. Girvin, Cooling and autonomous feedback in a Bose-Hubbard chain with attractive interactions, Phys. Rev. Lett. 115, 240501 (2015).
  45. J. Koch, T. M. Yu, J. Gambetta, A. A. Houck, D. I. Schuster, J. Majer, A. Blais, M. H. Devoret, S. M. Girvin, and R. J. Schoelkopf, Charge-insensitive qubit design derived from the Cooper pair box, Phys. Rev. A 76, 042319 (2007).
  46. A. A. Clerk, M. H. Devoret, S. M. Girvin, F. Marquardt, and R. J. Schoelkopf, Introduction to quantum noise, measurement, and amplification, Rev. Mod. Phys. 82, 1155 (2010).
  47. F. Yan, P. Krantz, Y. Sung, M. Kjaergaard, D. L. Campbell, T. P. Orlando, S. Gustavsson, and W. D. Oliver, Tunable coupling scheme for implementing high-fidelity two-qubit gates, Phys. Rev. Appl. 10, 054062 (2018).
  48. See Supplemental Material at http://link.aps.org/supplemental/10.1103/PhysRevResearch.7.L022018 for the theoretical framework, experimental details, and analysis.
  49. C. K. Andersen, A. Remm, S. Lazar, S. Krinner, J. Heinsoo, J.-C. Besse, M. Gabureac, A. Wallraff, and C. Eichler, Entanglement stabilization using ancilla-based parity detection and real-time feedback in superconducting circuits, npj Quantum Inf. 5, 69 (2019).
  50. C. C. Bultink, T. E. O'Brien, R. Vollmer, N. Muthusubramanian, M. W. Beekman, M. A. Rol, X. Fu, B. Tarasinski, V. Ostroukh, B. Varbanov, A. Bruno, and L. DiCarlo, Protecting quantum entanglement from leakage and qubit errors via repetitive parity measurements, Sci. Adv. 6, eaay3050 (2020).
  51. D. Ristè, L. C. G. Govia, B. Donovan, S. D. Fallek, W. D. Kalfus, M. Brink, N. T. Bronn, and T. A. Ohki, Real-time processing of stabilizer measurements in a bit-flip code, npj Quantum Inf. 6, 71 (2020).
  52. S. Krinner, N. Lacroix, A. Remm et al., Realizing repeated quantum error correction in a distance-three surface code, Nature (London) 605, 669 (2022).

Outline

Information

Phys. Rev. Research 7, L022018– Published 16 April, 2025
  • Received 19 July 2024
  • Accepted 24 March 2025
Crossmark - Check for updates button
Creative Commons Logo

Published by the American Physical Society under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International license. Further distribution of this work must maintain attribution to the author(s) and the published article's title, journal citation, and DOI.

Published by the American Physical Society

Sign In to Your Journals Account

Filter

Filter

Article Lookup

Enter a citation