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  • Letter
  • Open Access

Synchronization and metachronal waves of elastic cilia caused by unsteady viscous flow

Albert von Kenne1,*, Sonja Schmelter1, Holger Stark2, and Markus Bär1,†

  • *Contact author: a.vonkenne@web.de
  • †Contact author: markus.baer@ptb.de
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Phys. Rev. Research 7, L012029 – Published 6 February, 2025

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevResearch.7.L012029

Abstract

Hydrodynamic coordination of cilia is ubiquitous in biology. It is commonly modeled using the steady Stokes equations. The flow around ciliated cells, however, exhibits finite-time vorticity diffusion, requiring a dynamical description. We present a model of elastic cilia coupled by unsteady viscous flow in the bulk fluid. Therein, vorticity diffusion impacts cilia coordination qualitatively and quantitatively. In particular, pairs of cilia synchronize in antiphase for long diffusion times. Moreover, metachronal waves occur in cilia chains larger than the viscous penetration depth, whereas global synchronization occurs in Stokes flow.

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Phys. Rev. Research 7, L012029– Published 6 February, 2025
  • Received 14 June 2024
  • Accepted 8 December 2024
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