Reuse & Permissions

It is not necessary to obtain permission to reuse this article or its components as it is available under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International license. This license permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided attribution to the author(s) and the published article's title, journal citation, and DOI are maintained. Please note that some figures may have been included with permission from other third parties. It is your responsibility to obtain the proper permission from the rights holder directly for these figures.

Export citation

Export citation

Choose format for download:

Download Citation
  • Letter
  • Open Access

Slow and stored light via electromagnetically induced transparency using a Λ-type superconducting artificial atom

Kai-I Chu1,2, Xiao-Cheng Lu3, Kuan-Hsun Chiang2, Yen-Hsiang Lin3, Chii-Dong Chen4, Ite A. Yu3,5, Wen-Te Liao2,6,7, and Yung-Fu Chen2,6,*

  • *Contact author: yfuchen@ncu.edu.tw

Phys. Rev. Research 7, L012015 – Published 21 January, 2025

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevResearch.7.L012015

Abstract

Recent progresses in Josephson-junction-based superconducting circuits have propelled quantum information processing forward. However, the lack of a metastable state in most superconducting artificial atoms hinders the development of photonic quantum memory in this platform. Here we use a single superconducting qubit-resonator system to realize a desired Λ-type artificial atom, and to demonstrate slow light with a group velocity of 3.6 km/s and the microwave storage with a memory time extending to several hundred nanoseconds via electromagnetically induced transparency. Our results highlight the potential of achieving microwave quantum memory, promising substantial advancements in quantum information processing within superconducting circuits.

View figure in article

Physics Subject Headings (PhySH)

Article Text

Supplemental Material

References (59)

  1. H. Kimble, The quantum internet, Nature (London) 453, 1023 (2008).
  2. A. Lvovsky, B. Sanders, and W. Tittel, Optical quantum memory, Nat. Photon. 3, 706 (2009).
  3. W. Tittel, M. Afzelius, T. Chaneliere, R. Cone, S. Kröll, S. Moiseev, and M. Sellars, Photon-echo quantum memory in solid state systems, Laser Photonics Rev. 4, 244 (2010).
  4. K. Heshami, D. England, P. Humphreys, P. Bustard, V. Acosta, J. Nunn, and B. Sussman, Quantum memories: Emerging applications and recent advances, J. Mod. Opt. 63, 2005 (2016).
  5. G. Wendin, Quantum information processing with superconducting circuits: A review, Rep. Prog. Phys. 80, 106001 (2017).
  6. F. Arute, K. Arya, R. Babbush, D. Bacon, J. Bardin, R. Barends, R. Biswas, S. Boixo, F. Brandao, and D. Buell, Quantum supremacy using a programmable superconducting processor, Nature (London) 574, 505 (2019).
  7. C. Song, K. Xu, H. Li, Y. Zhang, X. Zhang, W. Liu, Q. Guo, Z. Wang, W. Ren, and J. Hao, Generation of multicomponent atomic Schrödinger cat states of up to 20 qubits, Science 365, 574 (2019).
  8. Z. Wang, H. Li, W. Feng, X. Song, C. Song, W. Liu, Q. Guo, X. Zhang, H. Dong, D. Zheng, H. Wang, and D. W. Wang, Controllable switching between superradiant and subradiant states in a 10-qubit superconducting circuit, Phys. Rev. Lett. 124, 013601 (2020).
  9. Y. Wu, W. Bao, S. Cao, F. Chen, M. Chen, X. Chen, T. Chung, H. Deng, Y. Du, and D. Fan, Strong quantum computational advantage using a superconducting quantum processor, Phys. Rev. Lett. 127, 180501 (2021).
  10. C. Axline, L. Burkhart, W. Pfaff, M. Zhang, K. Chou, Campagne-P. Ibarcq, P. Reinhold, L. Frunzio, S. Girvin, and L. Jiang, On-demand quantum state transfer and entanglement between remote microwave cavity memories, Nat. Phys. 14, 705 (2018).
  11. P. Kurpiers, P. Magnard, T. Walter, B. Royer, M. Pechal, J. Heinsoo, Y. Salathé, A. Akin, S. Storz, and J. Besse, Deterministic quantum state transfer and remote entanglement using microwave photons, Nature (London) 558, 264 (2018).
  12. P. Magnard, S. Storz, P. Kurpiers, J. Schar, F. Marxer, J. Lutolf, T. Walter, J. C. Besse, M. Gabureac, K. Reuer, A. Akin, B. Royer, A. Blais, and A. Wallraff, Microwave quantum link between superconducting circuits housed in spatially separated cryogenic systems, Phys. Rev. Lett. 125, 260502 (2020).
  13. Y. Yin, Y. Chen, D. Sank, P. J. J. OMalley, T. C. White, R. Barends, J. Kelly, E. Lucero, M. Mariantoni, A. Megrant, C. Neill, A. Vainsencher, J. Wenner, A. N. Korotkov, A. N. Cleland, and J. M. Martinis, Catch and release of microwave photon states, Phys. Rev. Lett. 110, 107001 (2013).
  14. J. Wenner, Y. Yin, Y. Chen, R. Barends, B. Chiaro, E. Jeffrey, J. Kelly, A. Megrant, J. Y. Mutus, C. Neill, P. J. J. OMalley, P. Roushan, D. Sank, A. Vainsencher, T. C. White, A. N. Korotkov, A. N. Cleland, and J. M. Martinis, Catching time-reversed microwave coherent state photons with 99.4% absorption efficiency, Phys. Rev. Lett. 112, 210501 (2014).
  15. E. Flurin, N. Roch, J. Pillet, F. Mallet, and B. Huard, Superconducting quantum node for entanglement and storage of microwave radiation, Phys. Rev. Lett. 114, 090503 (2015).
  16. Z. Bao, Z. Wang, Y. Wu, Y. Li, C. Ma, Y. Song, H. Zhang, and L. Duan, On-demand storage and retrieval of microwave photons using a superconducting multiresonator quantum memory, Phys. Rev. Lett. 127, 010503 (2021).
  17. A. R. Matanin, K. I. Gerasimov, E. S. Moiseev, N. S. Smirnov, A. I. Ivanov, E. I. Malevannaya, V. I. Polozov, E. V. Zikiy, A. A. Samoilov, I. A. Rodionov, and S. A. Moiseev, Toward highly efficient multimode superconducting quantum memory, Phys. Rev. Appl. 19, 034011 (2023).
  18. A. Megrant, C. Neill, R. Barends, B. Chiaro, Y. Chen, L. Feigl, J. Kelly, E. Lucero, M. Mariantoni, and P. O'Malley, Planar superconducting resonators with internal quality factors above one million, Appl. Phys. Lett. 100, 113510 (2012).
  19. M. Reagor, W. Pfaff, C. Axline, R. W. Heeres, N. Ofek, K. Sliwa, E. Holland, C. Wang, J. Blumoff, K. Chou, M. J. Hatridge, L. Frunzio, M. H. Devoret, L. Jiang, and R. J. Schoelkopf, Quantum memory with millisecond coherence in circuit QED, Phys. Rev. B 94, 014506 (2016).
  20. R. Naik, N. Leung, S. Chakram, P. Groszkowski, Y. Lu, N. Earnest, D. McKay, J. Koch, and D. Schuster, Random access quantum information processors using multimode circuit quantum electrodynamics, Nat. Commun. 8, 1904 (2017).
  21. M. Fleischhauer, A. Imamoglu, and J. Marangos, Electromagnetically induced transparency: Optics in coherent media, Rev. Mod. Phys. 77, 633 (2005).
  22. D. F. Phillips, A. Fleischhauer, A. Mair, R. L. Walsworth, and M. D. Lukin, Storage of light in atomic vapor, Phys. Rev. Lett. 86, 783 (2001).
  23. C. Liu, Z. Dutton, C. Behroozi, and L. Hau, Observation of coherent optical information storage in an atomic medium using halted light pulses, Nature (London) 409, 490 (2001).
  24. O. Kocharovskaya, Y. Rostovtsev, and M. O. Scully, Stopping light via hot atoms, Phys. Rev. Lett. 86, 628 (2001).
  25. Y. F. Hsiao, P. J. Tsai, H. S. Chen, S. X. Lin, C. C. Hung, C. H. Lee, Y. H. Chen, Y. F. Chen, I. A. Yu, and Y. C. Chen, Highly efficient coherent optical memory based on electromagnetically induced transparency, Phys. Rev. Lett. 120, 183602 (2018).
  26. M. Fleischhauer, and M. D. Lukin, Dark-state polaritons in electromagnetically induced transparency, Phys. Rev. Lett. 84, 5094 (2000).
  27. M. Lukin, Colloquium: Trapping and manipulating photon states in atomic ensembles, Rev. Mod. Phys. 75, 457 (2003).
  28. K. Hammerer, A. Sørensen, and E. Polzik, Quantum interface between light and atomic ensembles, Rev. Mod. Phys. 82, 1041 (2010).
  29. A. A. Abdumalikov, O. Astafiev, A. M. Zagoskin, Y. A. Pashkin, Y. Nakamura, and J. S. Tsai, Electromagnetically induced transparency on a single artificial atom, Phys. Rev. Lett. 104, 193601 (2010).
  30. I. C. Hoi, C. M. Wilson, G. Johansson, T. Palomaki, B. Peropadre, and P. Delsing, Demonstration of a single-photon router in the microwave regime, Phys. Rev. Lett. 107, 073601 (2011).
  31. P. M. Anisimov, J. P. Dowling, and B. C. Sanders, Objectively discerning Autler-Townes splitting from electromagnetically induced transparency, Phys. Rev. Lett. 107, 163604 (2011).
  32. Q. C. Liu, T. F. Li, X. Q. Luo, H. Zhao, W. Xiong, Y. S. Zhang, Z. Chen, J. S. Liu, W. Chen, F. Nori, J. S. Tsai, and J. Q. You, Method for identifying electromagnetically induced transparency in a tunable circuit quantum electrodynamics system, Phys. Rev. A 93, 053838 (2016).
  33. S. Novikov, T. Sweeney, J. Robinson, S. Premaratne, B. Suri, F. Wellstood, and B. Palmer, Raman coherence in a circuit quantum electrodynamics lambda system, Nat. Phys. 12, 75 (2016).
  34. A. M. Vadiraj, A. Ask, T. G. McConkey, I. Nsanzineza, C. W. Chang, A. F. Kockum, and C. M. Wilson, Engineering the level structure of a giant artificial atom in waveguide quantum electrodynamics, Phys. Rev. A 103, 023710 (2021).
  35. J. Long, H. S. Ku, X. Wu, X. Gu, R. E. Lake, M. Bal, Y. X. Liu, and D. P. Pappas, Electromagnetically induced transparency in circuit quantum electrodynamics with nested polariton states, Phys. Rev. Lett. 120, 083602 (2018).
  36. B. M. Ann and G. A. Steele, Tunable and weakly invasive probing of a superconducting resonator based on electromagnetically induced transparency, Phys. Rev. A 102, 053721 (2020).
  37. Kai-I Chu, W. T. Liao, and Y. F. Chen, Three-level Λ-type microwave memory via parametric-modulation-induced transparency in a superconducting quantum circuit, Phys. Rev. Res. 5, 033192 (2023).
  38. J. Brehm, R. Gebauer, A. Stehli, A. Poddubny, O. Sander, H. Rotzinger, and A. Ustinov, Slowing down light in a qubit metamaterial, Appl. Phys. Lett. 121, 204001 (2022).
  39. A. Blais, J. Gambetta, A. Wallraff, D. I. Schuster, S. M. Girvin, M. H. Devoret, and R. J. Schoelkopf, Quantum-information processing with circuit quantum electrodynamics, Phys. Rev. A 75, 032329 (2007).
  40. J. D. Strand, M. Ware, F. Beaudoin, T. A. Ohki, B. R. Johnson, A. Blais, and B. L. T. Plourde, First-order sideband transitions with flux-driven asymmetric transmon qubits, Phys. Rev. B 87, 220505(R) (2013).
  41. Y. Lu, S. Chakram, N. Leung, N. Earnest, R. K. Naik, Z. Huang, P. Groszkowski, E. Kapit, J. Koch, and D. I. Schuster, Universal stabilization of a parametrically coupled qubit, Phys. Rev. Lett. 119, 150502 (2017).
  42. M. Mücke, E. Figueroa, J. Bochmann, C. Hahn, K. Murr, S. Ritter, Villas-C. Boas, and G. Rempe, Electromagnetically induced transparency with single atoms in a cavity, Nature (London) 465, 755 (2010).
  43. H. Specht, C. Nölleke, A. Reiserer, M. Uphoff, E. Figueroa, S. Ritter, and G. Rempe, A single-atom quantum memory, Nature (London) 473, 190 (2011).
  44. M. Körber, O. Morin, S. Langenfeld, A. Neuzner, S. Ritter, and G. Rempe, Decoherence-protected memory for a single-photon qubit, Nat. Photonics 12, 18 (2018).
  45. R. Barends, J. Kelly, A. Megrant, D. Sank, E. Jeffrey, Y. Chen, Y. Yin, B. Chiaro, J. Mutus, C. Neill, P. OMalley, P. Roushan, J. Wenner, T. C. White, A. N. Cleland, and J. M. Martinis, Coherent Josephson qubit suitable for scalable quantum integrated circuits, Phys. Rev. Lett. 111, 080502 (2013).
  46. See Supplemental Material at http://link.aps.org/supplemental/10.1103/PhysRevResearch.7.L012015 for the details of the experimental setup and numerical calculations, which includes Ref. [47].
  47. M. Kervinen, J. Ramírez-Muñoz, A. Välimaa, and M. Sillanpää, Landau-Zener-Stückelberg interference in a multimode electromechanical system in the quantum regime, Phys. Rev. Lett. 123, 240401 (2019).
  48. O. Astafiev, A. Zagoskin, Abdumalikov A. Jr, Y. Pashkin, T. Yamamoto, K. Inomata, Y. Nakamura, and J. Tsai, Resonance fluorescence of a single artificial atom, Science 327, 840 (2010).
  49. S. Probst, F. Song, P. Bushev, A. Ustinov, and M. Weides, Efficient and robust analysis of complex scattering data under noise in microwave resonators, Rev. Sci. Instrum. 86, 024706 (2015).
  50. A. Houck, D. Schuster, J. Gambetta, J. Schreier, B. Johnson, J. Chow, L. Frunzio, J. Majer, M. Devoret, and S. Girvin, Generating single microwave photons in a circuit, Nature (London) 449, 328 (2007).
  51. A. Blais, A. Grimsmo, S. Girvin, and A. Wallraff, Circuit quantum electrodynamics, Rev. Mod. Phys. 93, 025005 (2021).
  52. J. Johansson, P. Nation, and F. Nori, QuTiP: An open-source Python framework for the dynamics of open quantum systems, Comput. Phys. Commun. 183, 1760 (2012).
  53. J. Li, M. Silveri, K. Kumar, J. Pirkkalainen, A. Vepsäläinen, W. Chien, J. Tuorila, M. Sillanpää, P. Hakonen, E. Thuneberg, and G. Paraoanu, Motional averaging in a superconducting qubit, Nat. Commun. 4, 1420 (2013).
  54. F. Beaudoin, M. P. da Silva, Z. Dutton, and A. Blais, First-order sidebands in circuit QED using qubit frequency modulation, Phys. Rev. A 86, 022305 (2012).
  55. X. Gu, A. Kockum, A. Miranowicz, Y. Liu, and F. Nori, Microwave photonics with superconducting quantum circuits, Phys. Rep. 718-719, 1 (2017).
  56. Y. Chen, M. Lee, I. Wang, S. Du, Y. Chen, Y. Chen, and I. Yu, Coherent optical memory with high storage efficiency and large fractional delay, Phys. Rev. Lett. 110, 083601 (2013).
  57. Y.-F. Chen, S.-H. Wang, C.-Y. Wang, and I. A. Yu, Manipulating the retrieved width of stored light pulses, Phys. Rev. A 72, 053803 (2005).
  58. K. Reim, J. Nunn, V. Lorenz, B. Sussman, K. Lee, N. Langford, D. Jaksch, and I. Walmsley, Towards high-speed optical quantum memories, Nat. Photon. 4, 218 (2010).
  59. E. Saglamyurek, T. Hrushevskyi, A. Rastogi, K. Heshami, and L. LeBlanc, Coherent storage and manipulation of broadband photons via dynamically controlled Autler–Townes splitting, Nat. Photon. 12, 774 (2018).

Outline

Information

Sign In to Your Journals Account

Filter

Filter

Article Lookup

Enter a citation