- Physical Review Journals
All JournalsPhysics Magazine

Physical Review Research

Reuse & Permissions

It is not necessary to obtain permission to reuse this article or its components as it is available under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International license. This license permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided attribution to the author(s) and the published article's title, journal citation, and DOI are maintained. Please note that some figures may have been included with permission from other third parties. It is your responsibility to obtain the proper permission from the rights holder directly for these figures.

Export citation

Export citation

Choose format for download:

Download Citation
  • Letter
  • Open Access

Ice-rule driven vertex frustration in a stretched pentagonal spin ice

Davis Crater1, Anya C. Lätti2, Michael Saccone3, Kevin Hofhuis4, Duncan Miertschin1, Balaram Regmi1, Barat Achinuq5, Armin Kleibert4, Charlotte F. Petersen2 et al.

Alan Farhan1,*

  • *Contact author: alan_farhan@baylor.edu
PDF

Phys. Rev. Research 6, L042064 – Published 16 December, 2024

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevResearch.6.L042064

Abstract

We introduce the stretched pentagonal spin ice and study low-energy configurations achieved after thermal annealing. Using synchrotron-based photoemission electron microscopy, we reveal highly disordered configurations dominated by short-range order. Real-space observations reveal that an adherence to local order, in the form of a strict ice-rule obedience, acts as a main factor in enforcing vertex frustration and hindering long-range order. Our results open up pathways to create forms of frustrated systems that have seemed elusive thus far.

View figure in article

Physics Subject Headings (PhySH)

Article Text

Supplemental Material

References (36)

  1. S. H. Skjærvø, C. H. Marrows, R. L. Stamps, and L. J. Heyderman, Advances in artificial spin ice, Nat. Rev. Phys. 2, 13 (2019).
  2. Y. Perrin, B. Canals, and N. Rougemaille, Extensive degeneracy, Coulomb phase and magnetic monopoles in artificial square ice, Nature (London) 540, 410 (2016).
  3. A. Farhan, M. Saccone, C. F. Petersen, S. Dhuey, R. V. Chopdekar, Y.-L. Huang, N. Kent, Z. Chen, M. J. Alava, T. Lippert, A. Scholl, and S. van Dijken, Emergent magnetic monopole dynamics in macroscopically degenerate artificial spin ice, Sci. Adv. 5, eaav6380 (2019).
  4. S. Ladak, D. E. Read, G. K. Perkins, L. F. Cohen, and W. R. Branford, Direct observation of magnetic monopole defects in an artificial spin-ice system, Nat. Phys. 6, 359 (2010).
  5. E. Östman, H. Stopfel, I.-A. Chioar, U. B. Arnalds, A. Stein, V. Kapaklis, and B. Hjörvarsson, Interaction modifiers in artificial spin ices, Nat. Phys. 14, 375 (2018).
  6. B. Canals, I.-A. Chioar, V.-D. Nguyen, M. Hehn, D. Lacour, F. Montaigne, A. Locatelli, T. O. Menteş, B. S. Burgos, and N. Rougemaille, Fragmentation of magnetism in artificial kagome dipolar spin ice, Nat. Commun. 7, 11446 (2016).
  7. K. Hofhuis, S. H. Skjærvø, S. Parchenko, H. Arava, Z. Luo, A. Kleibert, P. M. Derlet, and L. J. Heyderman, Real-space imaging of phase transitions in bridged artificial kagome spin ice, Nat. Phys. 18, 699 (2022).
  8. V. Schánilec, B. Canals, V. Uhlíř, L. Flajšman, J. Sadílek, T. Šikola, and N. Rougemaille, Bypassing dynamical freezing in artificial kagome ice, Phys. Rev. Lett. 125, 057203 (2020).
  9. M. Saccone, F. Caravelli, K. Hofhuis, S. Parchenko, Y. A. Birkhölzer, S. Dhuey, A. Kleibert, S. van Dijken, C. Nisoli, and A. Farhan, Direct observation of a dynamical glass transition in a nanomagnetic artificial Hopfield network, Nat. Phys. 18, 517 (2022).
  10. S. Gliga, E. Iacocca, and O. G. Heinonen, Dynamics of reconfigurable artificial spin ice: Toward magnonic functional materials, APL Mater. 8, 040911 (2020).
  11. E. Iacocca, S. Gliga, and O. G. Heinonen, Tailoring spin-wave channels in a reconfigurable artificial spin ice, Phys. Rev. Appl. 13, 044047 (2020).
  12. M. B. Jungfleisch, W. Zhang, E. Iacocca, J. Sklenar, J. Ding, W. Jiang, S. Zhang, J. E. Pearson, V. Novosad, J. B. Ketterson, O. Heinonen, and A. Hoffmann, Dynamic response of an artificial square spin ice, Phys. Rev. B 93, 100401(R) (2016).
  13. I. Gilbert, G.-W. Chern, S. Zhang, L. O'Brien, B. Fore, C. Nisoli, and P. Schiffer, Emergent ice rule and magnetic charge screening from vertex frustration in artificial spin ice, Nat. Phys. 10, 670 (2014).
  14. I. Gilbert, Y. Lao, I. Carrasquillo, L. O'Brien, J. D. Watts, M. Manno, C. Leighton, A. Scholl, C. Nisoli, and P. Schiffer, Emergent reduced dimensionality by vertex frustration in artificial spin ice, Nat. Phys. 12, 162 (2016).
  15. M. Saccone, F. Caravelli, K. Hofhuis, S. Dhuey, A. Scholl, C. Nisoli, and A. Farhan, Real-space observation of ergodicity transitions in artificial spin ice, Nat. Commun. 14, 5674 (2023).
  16. H. Stopfel, E. Östman, I.-A. Chioar, D. Greving, U. B. Arnalds, T. P. A. Hase, A. Stein, B. Hjörvarsson, and V. Kapaklis, Magnetic order and energy-scale hierarchy in artificial spin-ice structures, Phys. Rev. B 98, 014435 (2018).
  17. M. Saccone, K. Hofhuis, Y.-L. Huang, S. Dhuey, Z. Chen, A. Scholl, R. V. Chopdekar, S. van Dijken, and A. Farhan, Dipolar cairo lattice: Geometrical frustration and short-range correlations, Phys. Rev. Mater. 3, 104402 (2019).
  18. A. Farhan, P. M. Derlet, A. Kleibert, A. Balan, R. V. Chopdekar, M. Wyss, L. Anghinolfi, F. Nolting, and L. J. Heyderman, Exploring hyper-cubic energy landscapes in thermally active finite artificial spin-ice systems, Nat. Phys. 9, 375 (2013).
  19. K. Hofhuis, C. F. Petersen, M. Saccone, S. Dhuey, A. Kleibert, S. van Dijken, and A. Farhan, Geometrical frustration and competing orders in the dipolar trimerized triangular lattice, Phys. Rev. B 104, 014409 (2021).
  20. X. Zhang, I.-A. Chioar, G. Fitez, A. Hurben, M. Saccone, N. S. Bingham, J. Ramberger, C. Leighton, C. Nisoli, and P. Schiffer, Artificial magnetic tripod ice, Phys. Rev. Lett. 131, 126701 (2023).
  21. J. Park, B. L. Le, J. Sklenar, G.-W. Chern, J. D. Watts, and P. Schiffer, Magnetic response of brickwork artificial spin ice, Phys. Rev. B 96, 024436 (2017).
  22. A. S. Wills, R. Ballou, and C. Lacroix, Model of localized highly frustrated ferromagnetism: The kagomé spin ice, Phys. Rev. B 66, 144407 (2002).
  23. Y. Qi, T. Brintlinger, and J. Cumings, Direct observation of the ice rule in an artificial kagome spin ice, Phys. Rev. B 77, 094418 (2008).
  24. A. Farhan, P. M. Derlet, L. Anghinolfi, A. Kleibert, and L. J. Heyderman, Magnetic charge and moment dynamics in artificial kagome spin ice, Phys. Rev. B 96, 064409 (2017).
  25. M. J. Morrison, T. R. Nelson, and C. Nisoli, Unhappy vertices in artificial spin ice: new degeneracies from vertex frustration, New J. Phys. 15, 045009 (2013).
  26. A. Farhan, A. Scholl, C. F. Petersen, L. Anghinolfi, C. Wuth, S. Dhuey, R. V. Chopdekar, P. Mellado, M. J. Alava, and S. van Dijken, Thermodynamics of emergent magnetic charge screening in artificial spin ice, Nat. Commun. 7, 12635 (2016).
  27. A. Doran, M. Church, T. Miller, G. Morrison, A. T. Young, and A. Scholl, Cryogenic PEEM at the advanced light source, J. Electron Spectrosc. Relat. Phenom. 185, 340 (2012).
  28. J. Stöhr, Y. Wu, B. D. Hermsmeier, M. G. Samant, G. R. Harp, S. Koranda, D. Dunham, and B. P. Tonner, Element-specific magnetic microscopy with circularly polarized x-rays, Science 259, 658 (1993).
  29. G. T. Barkema and M. E. J. Newman, Monte Carlo simulation of ice models, Phys. Rev. E 57, 1155 (1998).
  30. A. Bortz, M. Kalos, and J. Lebowitz, A new algorithm for Monte Carlo simulation of Ising spin systems, J. Comput. Phys. 17, 10 (1975).
  31. A. Farhan, C. F. Petersen, S. Dhuey, L. Anghinolfi, Q. H. Qin, M. Saccone, S. Velten, C. Wuth, S. Gliga, P. Mellado, M. J. Alava, A. Scholl, and S. van Dijken, Nanoscale control of competing interactions and geometrical frustration in a dipolar trident lattice, Nat. Commun. 8, 995 (2017).
  32. See Supplemental Material at http://link.aps.org/supplemental/10.1103/PhysRevResearch.6.L042064 for details on utilized Kinetic Monte Carlo Methods and magnetic structure factor calculations can be found in this document.
  33. G. Möller and R. Moessner, Magnetic multipole analysis of kagome and artificial spin-ice dipolar arrays, Phys. Rev. B 80, 140409(R) (2009).
  34. G.-W. Chern, P. Mellado, and O. Tchernyshyov, Two-stage ordering of spins in dipolar spin ice on the kagome lattice, Phys. Rev. Lett. 106, 207202 (2011).
  35. S. Zhang, I. Gilbert, C. Nisoli, G.-W. Chern, M. J. Erickson, L. O'Brien, C. Leighton, P. E. Lammert, V. H. Crespi, and P. Schiffer, Crystallites of magnetic charges in artificial spin ice, Nature (London) 500, 553 (2013).
  36. L. Anghinolfi, H. Luetkens, J. Perron, M. G. Flokstra, O. Sendetskyi, A. Suter, T. Prokscha, P. M. Derlet, S. L. Lee, and L. J. Heyderman, Thermodynamic phase transitions in a frustrated magnetic metamaterial, Nat. Commun. 6, 8278 (2015).

Outline

Information

Phys. Rev. Research 6, L042064– Published 16 December, 2024
  • Received 20 June 2024
  • Accepted 20 November 2024
Crossmark - Check for updates button
Creative Commons Logo

Published by the American Physical Society under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International license. Further distribution of this work must maintain attribution to the author(s) and the published article's title, journal citation, and DOI.

Published by the American Physical Society

Sign In to Your Journals Account

Filter

Filter

Article Lookup

Enter a citation