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  • Letter
  • Open Access

Constraining work fluctuations of non-Hermitian dynamics across the exceptional point of a superconducting qubit

Serra Erdamar1,2, Maryam Abbasi2, Byung Ha2, Weijian Chen2, Jacob Muldoon3, Yogesh Joglekar3, and Kater W. Murch2

  • 1Department of Electrical and Systems Engineering, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri 63130, USA
  • 2Department of Physics, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri 63130, USA
  • 3Department of Physics, Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202, USA

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Phys. Rev. Research 6, L022013 – Published 16 April, 2024

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevResearch.6.L022013

Abstract

Thermodynamics constrains changes to the energy of a system, both deliberate and random, via its first and second laws. When the system is not in equilibrium, fluctuation theorems such as the Jarzynski equality further restrict the distributions of deliberate work done. Such fluctuation theorems have been experimentally verified in small, nonequilibrium quantum systems undergoing unitary or decohering dynamics. Yet, their validity in systems governed by a non-Hermitian Hamiltonian has long been contentious due to the false premise of the Hamiltonian's dual and equivalent roles in dynamics and energetics. Here we show that work fluctuations in a non-Hermitian qubit obey the Jarzynski equality even if its Hamiltonian has complex or purely imaginary eigenvalues. With postselection on a dissipative superconducting circuit undergoing a cyclic parameter sweep, we experimentally quantify the work distribution using projective energy measurements and show that the fate of the Jarzynski equality is determined by the parity-time symmetry of, and the energetics that result from, the corresponding non-Hermitian, Floquet Hamiltonian. By distinguishing the energetics from non-Hermitian dynamics, our results provide the recipe for investigating the nonequilibrium quantum thermodynamics of such open systems.

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Outline

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Phys. Rev. Research 6, L022013– Published 16 April, 2024
  • Received 3 October 2023
  • Revised 6 February 2024
  • Accepted 21 March 2024
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