- Physical Review Journals
All JournalsPhysics Magazine

Physical Review Research

Reuse & Permissions

It is not necessary to obtain permission to reuse this article or its components as it is available under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International license. This license permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided attribution to the author(s) and the published article's title, journal citation, and DOI are maintained. Please note that some figures may have been included with permission from other third parties. It is your responsibility to obtain the proper permission from the rights holder directly for these figures.

Export citation

Export citation

Choose format for download:

Download Citation
  • Letter
  • Open Access

Single NV centers as sensors for radio-frequency fields

Jingfu Zhang and Dieter Suter

  • Fakultät Physik, Technische Universität Dortmund, D-44221 Dortmund, Germany

PDF

Phys. Rev. Research 5, L022026 – Published 9 May, 2023

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevResearch.5.L022026

Abstract

We show that a single electron spin can serve as a sensor for radio-frequency (rf) magnetic fields. The longitudinal and transverse components of the rf field can be extracted from the phase acquired during free evolution of the spin coherence. In our experimental demonstration, a single electron spin of an NV center in diamond serves as an atomic size of two components of an rf field.

View figure in article

Physics Subject Headings (PhySH)

Article Text

Supplemental Material

References (55)

  1. C. L. Degen, F. Reinhard, and P. Cappellaro, Quantum sensing, Rev. Mod. Phys. 89, 035002 (2017).
  2. N. De Zanche, C. Barmet, J. A. Nordmeyer-Massner, and K. P. Pruessmann, NMR probes for measuring magnetic fields and field dynamics in MR systems, Magn. Reson. Med. 60, 176 (2008).
  3. J. Kitching, S. Knappe, and E. A. Donley, Atomic sensors – a review, IEEE Sens. J. 11, 1749 (2011).
  4. M. Jiang, W. Xu, Q. Li, Z. Wu, D. Suter, and X. Peng, Interference in atomic magnetometry, Adv. Quantum Technol. 3, 2000078 (2020).
  5. M. Brownnutt, M. Kumph, P. Rabl, and R. Blatt, Ion-trap measurements of electric-field noise near surfaces, Rev. Mod. Phys. 87, 1419 (2015).
  6. K. A. Gilmore, M. Affolter, R. J. Lewis-Swan, D. Barberena, E. Jordan, A. M. Rey, and J. J. Bollinger, Quantum-enhanced sensing of displacements and electric fields with two-dimensional trapped-ion crystals, Science 373, 673 (2021).
  7. H. Fan, S. Kumar, J. Sedlacek, H. Kuebler, S. Karimkashi, and J. P. Shaffer, Atom based rf electric field sensing, J. Phys. B: At., Mol. Opt. Phys. 48, 202001 (2015).
  8. R. C. Jaklevic, J. Lambe, J. E. Mercereau, and A. H. Silver, Macroscopic quantum interference in superconductors, Phys. Rev. 140, A1628 (1965).
  9. M. Hatridge, R. Vijay, D. H. Slichter, J. Clarke, and I. Siddiqi, Dispersive magnetometry with a quantum limited SQUID parametric amplifier, Phys. Rev. B 83, 134501 (2011).
  10. R. L. Fagaly, Superconducting quantum interference device instruments and applications, Rev. Sci. Instrum. 77, 101101 (2006).
  11. L. Rondin, J.-P. Tetienne, T. Hingant, J.-F. Roch, P. Maletinsky, and V. Jacques, Magnetometry with nitrogen-vacancy defects in diamond, Rep. Prog. Phys. 77, 056503 (2014).
  12. J. F. Barry, J. M. Schloss, E. Bauch, M. J. Turner, C. A. Hart, L. M. Pham, and R. L. Walsworth, Sensitivity optimization for NV-diamond magnetometry, Rev. Mod. Phys. 92, 015004 (2020).
  13. D. Suter and F. Jelezko, Single-spin magnetic resonance in the nitrogen-vacancy center of diamond, Prog. Nucl. Magn. Reson. Spectrosc. 98-99, 50 (2017).
  14. R. Schirhagl, K. Chang, M. Loretz, and C. L. Degen, Nitrogen-vacancy centers in diamond: nanoscale sensors for physics and biology, Annu. Rev. Phys. Chem. 65, 83 (2014).
  15. M. A. Nielsen and I. L. Chuang, Quantum Computation and Quantum Information (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK, 2000).
  16. J. Stolze and D. Suter, Quantum Computing: A Short Course from Theory to Experiment, 2nd ed. (Wiley-VCH, Berlin, 2008).
  17. A. Zwick, D. Suter, G. Kurizki, and G. A. Alvarez, Precision limits of tissue microstructure characterization by magnetic resonance imaging, Phys. Rev. Appl. 14, 024088 (2020).
  18. D. Suter and G. A. Alvarez, Protecting quantum information against environmental noise, Rev. Mod. Phys. 88, 041001 (2016).
  19. G. A. Alvarez and D. Suter, Measuring the spectrum of colored noise by dynamical decoupling, Phys. Rev. Lett. 107, 230501 (2011).
  20. A. M. Souza, G. A. Alvarez, and D. Suter, Robust dynamical decoupling for quantum computing and quantum memory, Phys. Rev. Lett. 106, 240501 (2011).
  21. A. M. Souza, G. A. Alvarez, and D. Suter, Robust dynamical decoupling, Phil. Trans. R. Soc. A 370, 4748 (2012).
  22. J. M. Taylor, P. Cappellaro, L. Childress, L. Jiang, D. Budker, P. R. Hemmer, A. Yacoby, R. Walsworth, and M. D. Lukin, High-sensitivity diamond magnetometer with nanoscale resolution, Nat. Phys. 4, 810 (2008).
  23. G. Balasubramanian, P. Neumann, D. Twitchen, M. Markham, R. Kolesov, N. Mizuochi, J. Isoya, J. Achard, J. Beck, J. Tissler et al., Ultralong spin coherence time in isotopically engineered diamond, Nat. Mater. 8, 383 (2009).
  24. V. K. Kavatamane, D. Duan, S. R. Arumugam, N. Raatz, S. Pezzagna, J. Meijer, and G. Balasubramanian, Probing phase transitions in a soft matter system using a single spin quantum sensor, New J. Phys. 21, 103036 (2019).
  25. T. Unden, P. Balasubramanian, D. Louzon, Y. Vinkler, M. B. Plenio, M. Markham, D. Twitchen, A. Stacey, I. Lovchinsky, A. O. Sushkov et al., Quantum metrology enhanced by repetitive quantum error correction, Phys. Rev. Lett. 116, 230502 (2016).
  26. J. Zhang, R. Laflamme, and D. Suter, Experimental implementation of encoded logical qubit operations in a perfect quantum error correcting code, Phys. Rev. Lett. 109, 100503 (2012).
  27. S. Zaiser, T. Rendler, I. Jakobi, T. Wolf, S.-Y. Lee, S. Wagner, V. Bergholm, T. Schulte-Herbrueggen, P. Neumann, and J. Wrachtrup, Enhancing quantum sensing sensitivity by a quantum memory, Nat. Commun. 7, 12279 (2016).
  28. X. Peng, D. Suter, and D. A. Lidar, High fidelity quantum memory via dynamical decoupling: theory and experiment, J. Phys. B: At., Mol. Opt. Phys. 44, 154003 (2011).
  29. J. H. Shim, I. Niemeyer, J. Zhang, and D. Suter, Room-temperature high-speed nuclear-spin quantum memory in diamond, Phys. Rev. A 87, 012301 (2013).
  30. M. Lovric, P. Glasenapp, D. Suter, B. Tumino, A. Ferrier, P. Goldner, M. Sabooni, L. Rippe, and S. Kröll, Hyperfine characterization and spin coherence lifetime extension in Pr3+:La2(WO4)3, Phys. Rev. B 84, 104417 (2011).
  31. M. Lovric, D. Suter, A. Ferrier, and P. Goldner, Faithful solid state optical memory with dynamically decoupled spin wave storage, Phys. Rev. Lett. 111, 020503 (2013).
  32. L. Childress, M. V. Gurudev Dutt, J. M. Taylor, A. S. Zibrov, F. Jelezko, J. Wrachtrup, P. R. Hemmer, and M. D. Lukin, coherent dynamics of coupled electron and nuclear spin qubits in diamond, Science 314, 281 (2006).
  33. M. H. Abobeih, J. Randall, C. E. Bradley, H. P. Bartling, M. A. Bakker, M. J. Degen, M. Markham, D. J. Twitchen, and T. H. Taminiau, Atomic-scale imaging of a 27-nuclear-spin cluster using a quantum sensor, Nature (London) 576, 411 (2019).
  34. Y. Wu, F. Jelezko, M. B. Plenio, and T. Weil, Diamond quantum devices in biology, Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 55, 6586 (2016).
  35. M. Loretz, T. Rosskopf, and C. L. Degen, Radio-frequency magnetometry using a single electron spin, Phys. Rev. Lett. 110, 017602 (2013).
  36. G. Wang, Y.-X. Liu, Y. Zhu, and P. Cappellaro, Nanoscale vector ac magnetometry with a single nitrogen-vacancy center in diamond, Nano Lett. 21, 5143 (2021).
  37. P. Wang, Z. Yuan, P. Huang, X. Rong, M. Wang, X. Xu, C. Duan, C. Ju, F. Shi, and J. Du, High-resolution vector microwave magnetometry based on solid-state spins in diamond, Nat. Commun. 6, 6631 (2015).
  38. J. M. Schloss, J. F. Barry, M. J. Turner, and R. L. Walsworth, Simultaneous broadband vector magnetometry using solid-state spins, Phys. Rev. Appl. 10, 034044 (2018).
  39. Y.-X. Liu, A. Ajoy, and P. Cappellaro, Nanoscale vector dc magnetometry via ancilla-assisted frequency up-conversion, Phys. Rev. Lett. 122, 100501 (2019).
  40. X.-D. Chen, F.-W. Sun, C.-L. Zou, J.-M. Cui, L.- M. Zhou, and G.-C. Guo, Vector magnetic field sensing by a single nitrogen vacancy center in diamond, Europhys. Lett. 101, 67003 (2013).
  41. G. Balasubramanian, I. Chan, R. Kolesov, M. Al-Hmoud, J. Tisler, C. Shin, C. Kim, A. Wojcik, P. R. Hemmer, A. Krueger et al., Nanoscale imaging magnetometry with diamond spins under ambient conditions, Nature (London) 455, 648 (2008).
  42. Z. Wang, F. Kong, P. Zhao, Z. Huang, P. Yu, Y. Wang, F. Shi, and J. Du, Picotesla magnetometry of microwave fields with diamond sensors, Sci. Adv. 8, eabq8158 (2022).
  43. T. Teraji, T. Taniguchi, S. Koizumi, Y. Koide, and J. Isoya, Effective use of source gas for diamond growth with isotopic enrichment, Appl. Phys. Express 6, 055601 (2013).
  44. J. Zhang, J. H. Shim, I. Niemeyer, T. Taniguchi, T. Teraji, H. Abe, S. Onoda, T. Yamamoto, T. Ohshima, J. Isoya et al., Experimental implementation of assisted quantum adiabatic passage in a single spin, Phys. Rev. Lett. 110, 240501 (2013).
  45. K. D. Jahnke, B. Naydenov, T. Teraji, S. Koizumi, T. Umeda, J. Isoya, and F. Jelezko, Long coherence time of spin qubits in C12 enriched polycrystalline chemical vapor deposition diamond, Appl. Phys. Lett. 101, 012405 (2012).
  46. M. Hirose and P. Cappellaro, Coherent feedback control of a single qubit in diamond, Nature (London) 532, 77 (2016).
  47. F. Bloch and A. Siegert, Magnetic resonance for nonrotating fields, Phys. Rev. 57, 522 (1940).
  48. J. Zhang, S. Saha, and D. Suter, Bloch-Siegert shift in a hybrid quantum register: quantification and compensation, Phys. Rev. A 98, 052354 (2018).
  49. A. P. Saiko, S. A. Markevich, and R. Fedaruk, Possibility of direct observation of the Bloch-Siegert shift in coherent dynamics of multiphoton Raman transitions, JETP Lett. 110, 441 (2019).
  50. See Supplemental Material at http://link.aps.org/supplemental/10.1103/PhysRevResearch.5.L022026 for details of the preparation of initial state, rf pulses, additional data, separation of ωdc and ωBS, and analysis on field sensitivity.
  51. The specific frequency was chosen to be sufficiently far from the resonance frequency of the NMR transitions, in order to avoid effects that are not related to the sensing via the electron spin.
  52. T. Gullion, D. B. Baker, and M. S. Conradi, New, compensated Carr-Purcell sequences, J. Magn. Reson. (1969-1992) 89, 479 (1990).
  53. T. Fukui, Y. Doi, T. Miyazaki, Y. Miyamoto, H. Kato, T. Matsumoto, T. Makino, S. Yamasaki, R. Morimoto, and N. Tokuda, Perfect selective alignment of nitrogen-vacancy centers in diamond, Appl. Phys. Express 7, 055201 (2014).
  54. J. Michl, T. Teraji, S. Zaiser, I. Jakobi, G. Waldherr, F. Dolde, P. Neumann, M. W. Doherty, N. B. Manson, J. Isoya, and J. Wrachtrup, Perfect alignment and preferential orientation of nitrogen-vacancy centers during chemical vapor deposition diamond growth on (111) surfaces, Appl. Phys. Lett. 104, 102407 (2014).
  55. M. Lesik, J.-P. Tetienne, A. Tallaire, J. Achard, V. Mille, A. Gicquel, J.-F. Roch, and V. Jacques, Perfect preferential orientation of nitrogen-vacancy defects in a synthetic diamond sample, Appl. Phys. Lett. 104, 113107 (2014).

Outline

Information

Phys. Rev. Research 5, L022026– Published 9 May, 2023
  • Received 18 March 2023
  • Accepted 20 April 2023
Crossmark - Check for updates button
Creative Commons Logo

Published by the American Physical Society under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International license. Further distribution of this work must maintain attribution to the author(s) and the published article's title, journal citation, and DOI.

Published by the American Physical Society

Sign In to Your Journals Account

Filter

Filter

Article Lookup

Enter a citation