- Letter
- Open Access
Complexity of modulation instability
Phys. Rev. Research 4, L022057 – Published 13 June, 2022
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevResearch.4.L022057
Abstract
In this Research Letter, using experimental data, we analyze the computational complexity of modulation instability of a light wave propagating in a single-mode optical fiber. We show that computational complexity is an excellent tool which provides an insight into the emergence from noise of modulation-instability-induced coherent structures in the linear stage, before they become fully developed in the temporal traces, and substantially anticipating other statistical methods. Furthermore, computational complexity captures qualitatively the statistical signature of the recurrences in the nonlinear stage of modulation instability too.
Physics Subject Headings (PhySH)
Article Text
References (37)
- T. B. Benjamin, Instability of periodic wavetrains in nonlinear dispersive systems, Proc. Math. Phys. Eng. Sci. 299, 59 (1967).
- T. Taniuti and Washimi, Self-Trapping and Instability of Hydromagnetic Waves Along the Magnetic Field in a Cold Plasma, Phys. Rev. Lett. 21, 209 (1968).
- M. J. Ablowitz, Nonlinear Dispersive Waves (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2011).
- V. Zakharov and L. Ostrovsky, Modulation instability: The beginning, Phys. D (Amsterdam) 238, 540 (2009).
- K. Tai, A. Hasegawa, and A. Tomita, Observation of Modulational Instability in Optical Fibers, Phys. Rev. Lett. 56, 135 (1986).
- P. Suret, R. El Koussaifi, A. Tikan, C. Evain, S. Randoux, C. Szwaj, and S. Bielawski, Single-shot observation of optical rogue waves in integrable turbulence using time microscopy, Nat. Commun. 7, 13136 (2016).
- A. Tikan, S. Bielawski, C. Szwaj, S. Randoux, and P. Suret, Single-shot measurement of phase and amplitude by using a heterodyne time-lens system and ultrafast digital time-holography, Nat. Photonics 12, 228 (2018).
- M. Närhi, B. Wetzel, C. Billet, S. Toenger, T. Sylvestre, J.-M. Merolla, R. Morandotti, F. Dias, G. Genty, and J. M. Dudley, Real-time measurements of spontaneous breathers and rogue wave events in optical fibre modulation instability, Nat. Commun. 7, 13675 (2016).
- G. Van Simaeys, P. Emplit, and M. Haelterman, Experimental Demonstration of the Fermi-Pasta-Ulam Recurrence in a Modulationally Unstable Optical Wave, Phys. Rev. Lett. 87, 033902 (2001).
- A. Mussot, C. Naveau, M. Conforti, A. Kudlinski, F. Copie, P. Szriftgiser, and S. Trillo, Fibre multi-wave mixing combs reveal the broken symmetry of Fermi-Pasta-Ulam recurrence, Nat. Photonics 12, 303 (2018).
- D. Pierangeli, M. Flammini, L. Zhang, G. Marcucci, A. J. Agranat, P. G. Grinevich, P. M. Santini, C. Conti, and E. Del Re, Observation of Fermi-Pasta-Ulam-Tsingou Recurrence and Its Exact Dynamics, Phys. Rev. X 8, 041017 (2018).
- G. Vanderhaegen, C. Naveau, P. Szriftgiser, A. Kudlinski, M. Conforti, A. Mussot, M. Onorato, S. Trillo, A. Chabchoub, and N. Akhmediev, “Extraordinary” modulation instability in optics and hydrodynamics, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 118, e2019348118 (2021).
- D. Solli, G. Henrik, and C. Ropers, Fluctuations and correlations in modulation instability, Nat. Photonics 6, 463 (2012).
- A. E. Kraych, D. Agafontsev, S. Randoux, and P. Suret, Statistical Properties of the Nonlinear Stage of Modulation Instability in Fiber Optics, Phys. Rev. Lett. 123, 093902 (2019).
- D. S. Agafontsev and V. E. Zakharov, Integrable turbulence and formation of rogue waves, Nonlinearity 28, 2791 (2015).
- S. Toenger, T. Godin, C. Billet, F. Dias, M. Erkintalo, G. Genty, and J. M. Dudley, Emergent rogue wave structures and statistics in spontaneous modulation instability, Sci. Rep. 5, 10380 (2015).
- A. Gelash, D. Agafontsev, V. Zakharov, G. El, S. Randoux, and P. Suret, Bound State Soliton Gas Dynamics Underlying the Spontaneous Modulational Instability, Phys. Rev. Lett. 123, 234102 (2019).
- S. Wabnitz and B. Wetzel, Instability and noise-induced thermalization of Fermi-Pasta-Ulam recurrence in the nonlinear Schrödinger equation, Phys. Lett. A 378, 2750 (2014).
- R. Badii and A. Politi, Complexity (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1997).
- L. Leuzzi, C. Conti, V. Folli, L. Angelani, and G. Ruocco, Phase Diagram and Complexity of Mode-Locked Lasers: From Order to Disorder, Phys. Rev. Lett. 102, 083901 (2009).
- C. Conti and L. Leuzzi, Complexity of waves in nonlinear disordered media, Phys. Rev. B 83, 134204 (2011).
- N. Ghofraniha, I. Viola, F. Di Maria, G. Barbarella, G. Gigli, L. Leuzzi, and C. Conti, Experimental evidence of replica symmetry breaking in random lasers, Nat. Commun. 6, 6058 (2015).
- D. Pierangeli, A. Tavani, F. Di Mei, A. J. Agranat, C. Conti, and E. DelRe, Observation of replica symmetry breaking in disordered nonlinear wave propagation, Nat. Commun. 8, 1501 (2017).
- G. Parisi, Infinite Number of Order Parameters for Spin-Glasses, Phys. Rev. Lett. 43, 1754 (1979).
- M. Mezard, G. Parisi, and M. Virasoro, Spin Glass Theory and Beyond (World Scientific, Singapore, 1986).
- F. Kaspar and H. G. Schuster, Easily calculable measure for the complexity of spatiotemporal patterns, Phys. Rev. A 36, 842 (1987).
- A. N. Kolmogorov, On tables of random numbers, J. Statist., Ser. A 25, 369 (1963) [Theor. Comput. Sci. 207, 387 (1998)].
- A. Lempel and J. Ziv, On the complexity of finite sequences, IEEE Trans. Inf. Theory 22, 75 (1976).
- C. E. Shannon, A mathematical theory of communication, Bell Syst. Tech. J. 27, 379 (1948).
- C. Conti, M. Peccianti, and G. Assanto, Complex dynamics and configurational entropy of spatial optical solitons in nonlocal media, Opt. Lett. 31, 2030 (2006).
- A. Petrosian, Kolmogorov complexity of finite sequences and recognition of different preictal EEG patterns, in Proceedings of the Eighth IEEE Symposium on Computer-Based Medical Systems (IEEE Computer Society, Los Alamitos, CA, 1995), pp. 212–217.
- D. Abásolo, R. Hornero, C. Gómez, M. García, and M. López, Analysis of EEG background activity in Alzheimer's disease patients with Lempel-Ziv complexity and central tendency measure, Med. Eng. Phys. 28, 315 (2006).
- X. Zhang, Y. Zhu, and X. Zhang, New approach to studies on ecg dynamics: Extraction and analyses of QRS complex irregularity time series, Med. Biol. Eng. Comput. 35, 467 (1997).
- J. M. Amigó, J. Szczepański, E. Wajnryb, and M. Sanchez-Vives, Estimating the entropy rate of spike trains via Lempel-Ziv complexity, Neural Comput. 16, 717 (2004).
- V. D.Gusev, L. A.Nemytikova, and N. A.Chuzhanova, On the complexity measures of genetic sequences, Bioinformatics 15, 994 (1999).
- G. P. Agrawal, Nonlinear Fiber Optics, 5th ed. (Academic, San Diego, CA, 2012).
- R. Salem, M. A. Foster, and A. L. Gaeta, Application of space-time duality to ultrahigh-speed optical signal processing, Adv. Opt. Photonics 5, 274 (2013).