- Physical Review Journals
All JournalsPhysics Magazine

Physical Review Research

Reuse & Permissions

It is not necessary to obtain permission to reuse this article or its components as it is available under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International license. This license permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided attribution to the author(s) and the published article's title, journal citation, and DOI are maintained. Please note that some figures may have been included with permission from other third parties. It is your responsibility to obtain the proper permission from the rights holder directly for these figures.

Export citation

Export citation

Choose format for download:

Download Citation
  • Letter
  • Open Access

Evidence for near-unity radiative quantum efficiency of bright excitons in carbon nanotubes from the Purcell effect

H. Machiya1,2, D. Yamashita3, A. Ishii1,3, and Y. K. Kato1,3,*

  • 1Nanoscale Quantum Photonics Laboratory, RIKEN Cluster for Pioneering Research, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
  • 2Department of Electrical Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
  • 3Quantum Optoelectronics Research Team, RIKEN Center for Advanced Photonics, Saitama 351-0198, Japan

  • *Corresponding author: yuichiro.kato@riken.jp
PDF

Phys. Rev. Research 4, L022011 – Published 15 April, 2022

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevResearch.4.L022011

Abstract

The efficiencies of photonic devices are primarily governed by radiative quantum efficiency, which is a property given by the light-emitting material. Quantitative characterization for carbon nanotubes, however, has been difficult despite being a prominent material for nanoscale photonics. Here we estimate the radiative quantum efficiency of bright excitons in carbon nanotubes by modifying the exciton dynamics through cavity quantum electrodynamical effects. Silicon photonic crystal nanobeam cavities are used to induce the Purcell effect on individual carbon nanotubes. Spectral and temporal behavior of the cavity enhancement is characterized by photoluminescence microscopy and the fraction of the radiative decay process is evaluated. We find that the radiative quantum efficiency can reach near unity for bright excitons in long air-suspended carbon nanotubes at room temperature.

View figure in article

Physics Subject Headings (PhySH)

Article Text

Supplemental Material

References (42)

  1. E. F. Schubert and J. K. Kim, Solid-state light sources getting smart, Science 308, 1274 (2005).
  2. P. W. Milonni and J. H. Eberly, Laser Physics (John Wiley & Sons, New York, 2010), pp. 735–792.
  3. W. M. Steen and J. Mazumder, Laser Material Processing (Springer, London, 2010).
  4. H.-W. Chen, J.-H. Lee, B.-Y. Lin, S. Chen, and S.-T. Wu, Liquid crystal display and organic light-emitting diode display: Present status and future perspectives, Light Sci. Appl. 7, 17168 (2018).
  5. C. Adachi, M. A. Baldo, M. E. Thompson, and S. R. Forrest, Nearly 100% internal phosphorescence efficiency in an organic light-emitting device, J. Appl. Phys. 90, 5048 (2001).
  6. S. Lamansky, P. Djurovich, D. Murphy, F. Abdel-Razzaq, H.-E. Lee, C. Adachi, P. E. Burrows, S. R. Forrest, and M. E. Thompson, Highly phosphorescent bis-cyclometalated iridium complexes: Synthesis, photophysical characterization, and use in organic light emitting diodes, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 123, 4304 (2001).
  7. N. M. Gabor, Z. Zhong, K. Bosnick, J. Park, and P. L. McEuen, Extremely efficient multiple electron-hole pair generation in carbon nanotube photodiodes, Science 325, 1367 (2009).
  8. D. R. McCulley, M. J. Senger, A. Bertoni, V. Perebeinos, and E. D. Minot, Extremely efficient photocurrent generation in carbon nanotube photodiodes enabled by a strong axial electric field, Nano Lett. 20, 433 (2020).
  9. N. Higashide, M. Yoshida, T. Uda, A. Ishii, and Y. K. Kato, Cold exciton electroluminescence from air-suspended carbon nanotube split-gate devices, Appl. Phys. Lett. 110, 191101 (2017).
  10. A. Graf, M. Held, Y. Zakharko, L. Tropf, M. C. Gather, and J. Zaumseil, Electrical pumping and tuning of exciton-polaritons in carbon nanotube microcavities, Nat. Mater. 16, 911 (2017).
  11. X. Ma, N. F. Hartmann, J. K. S. Baldwin, S. K. Doorn, and H. Htoon, Room-temperature single-photon generation from solitary dopants of carbon nanotubes, Nat. Nanotechnol. 10, 671 (2015).
  12. A. Ishii, T. Uda, and Y. K. Kato, Room-temperature single-photon emission from micrometer-long air-suspended carbon nanotubes, Phys. Rev. Appl. 8, 054039 (2017).
  13. X. He, H. Htoon, S. K. Doorn, W. H. P. Pernice, F. Pyatkov, R. Krupke, A. Jeantet, Y. Chassagneux, and C. Voisin, Carbon nanotubes as emerging quantum-light sources, Nat. Mater. 17, 663 (2018).
  14. R. Miura, S. Imamura, R. Ohta, A. Ishii, X. Liu, T. Shimada, S. Iwamoto, Y. Arakawa, and Y. K. Kato, Ultralow mode-volume photonic crystal nanobeam cavities for high-efficiency coupling to individual carbon nanotube emitters, Nat. Commun. 5, 5580 (2014).
  15. F. Pyatkov, V. Fütterling, S. Khasminskaya, B. S. Flavel, F. Hennrich, M. M. Kappes, R. Krupke, and W. H. P. Pernice, Cavity-enhanced light emission from electrically driven carbon nanotubes, Nat. Photonics 10, 420 (2016).
  16. A. Ishii, X. He, N. F. Hartmann, H. Machiya, H. Htoon, S. K. Doorn, and Y. K. Kato, Enhanced single photon emission from carbon nanotube dopant states coupled to silicon microcavities, Nano Lett. 18, 3873 (2018).
  17. H. Machiya, T. Uda, A. Ishii, and Y. K. Kato, Spectral tuning of optical coupling between air-mode nanobeam cavities and individual carbon nanotubes, Appl. Phys. Lett. 112, 021101 (2018).
  18. A. Noury, X. L. Roux, L. Vivien, and N. Izard, Enhanced light emission from carbon nanotubes integrated in silicon micro-resonator, Nanotechnology 26, 345201 (2015).
  19. N. Higuchi, H. Niiyama, K. Nakagawa, and H. Maki, Efficient and narrow-linewidth photoluminescence devices based on single-walled carbon nanotubes and silicon photonics, ACS Appl. Nano Mater. 3, 7678 (2020).
  20. S. Khasminskaya, F. Pyatkov, K. Słowik, S. Ferrari, O. Kahl, V. Kovalyuk, P. Rath, A. Vetter, F. Hennrich, M. M. Kappes, G. Gol'tsman, A. Korneev, C. Rockstuhl, R. Krupke, and W. H. Pernice, Fully integrated quantum photonic circuit with an electrically driven light source, Nat. Photonics 10, 727 (2016).
  21. E. M. Purcell, Spontaneous emission probabilities at radio frequencies, Phys. Rev. 69, 681 (1946).
  22. A. Jeantet, Y. Chassagneux, C. Raynaud, P. Roussignol, J. S. Lauret, B. Besga, J. Estève, J. Reichel, and C. Voisin, Widely Tunable Single-Photon Source from a Carbon Nanotube in the Purcell Regime, Phys. Rev. Lett. 116, 247402 (2016).
  23. Y. Luo, E. D. Ahmadi, K. Shayan, Y. Ma, K. S. Mistry, C. Zhang, J. Hone, J. L. Blackburn, and S. Strauf, Purcell-enhanced quantum yield from carbon nanotube excitons coupled to plasmonic nanocavities, Nat. Commun. 8, 1413 (2017).
  24. J. Lefebvre, D. G. Austing, J. Bond, and P. Finnie, Photoluminescence Imaging of Suspended Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes, Nano Lett. 6, 1603 (2006).
  25. A. F. Oskooi, D. Roundy, M. Ibanescu, P. Bermel, J. Joannopoulos, and S. G. Johnson, Meep: A flexible free-software package for electromagnetic simulations by the FDTD method, Comput. Phys. Commun. 181, 687 (2010).
  26. See Supplemental Material at http://link.aps.org/supplemental/10.1103/PhysRevResearch.4.L022011 for a schematic showing the parameters of nanobeam cavities, PL line scans along the nanobeam cavities, the characterization of the cavity quality factor, a discussion of the collection efficiencies, a summary table of the Purcell and acceleration factors, and the length dependence of the radiative quantum efficiency.
  27. I. Sarpkaya, Z. Zhang, W. Walden-Newman, X. Wang, J. Hone, C. W. Wong, and S. Strauf, Prolonged spontaneous emission and dephasing of localized excitons in air-bridged carbon nanotubes, Nat. Commun. 4, 2152 (2013).
  28. A. Ishii, M. Yoshida, and Y. K. Kato, Exciton diffusion, end quenching, and exciton-exciton annihilation in individual air-suspended carbon nanotubes, Phys. Rev. B 91, 125427 (2015).
  29. P. H. Tan, A. G. Rozhin, T. Hasan, P. Hu, V. Scardaci, W. I. Milne, and A. C. Ferrari, Photoluminescence Spectroscopy of Carbon Nanotube Bundles: Evidence for Exciton Energy Transfer, Phys. Rev. Lett. 99, 137402 (2007).
  30. K. Matsuda, Y. Kanemitsu, K. Irie, T. Saiki, T. Someya, S. Miyauchi, and S. Maruyama, Photoluminescence intermittency in an individual single-walled carbon nanotube at room temperature, Appl. Phys. Lett. 86, 123116 (2005).
  31. Q. Quan and M. Loncar, Deterministic design of wavelength scale, ultra-high Q photonic crystal nanobeam cavities, Opt. Express 19, 18529 (2011).
  32. A. Ishii, H. Machiya, and Y. K. Kato, High Efficiency Dark-To-Bright Exciton Conversion in Carbon Nanotubes, Phys. Rev. X 9, 041048 (2019).
  33. Y. Miyauchi, Photoluminescence studies on exciton photophysics in carbon nanotubes, J. Mater. Chem. C 1, 6499 (2013).
  34. V. Perebeinos, J. Tersoff, and P. Avouris, Radiative Lifetime of Excitons in Carbon Nanotubes, Nano Lett. 5, 2495 (2005).
  35. C. D. Spataru, S. Ismail-Beigi, R. B. Capaz, and S. G. Louie, Theory and ab initio Calculation of Radiative Lifetime of Excitons in Semiconducting Carbon Nanotubes, Phys. Rev. Lett. 95, 247402 (2005).
  36. Y. Kumamoto, M. Yoshida, A. Ishii, A. Yokoyama, T. Shimada, and Y. K. Kato, Spontaneous Exciton Dissociation in Carbon Nanotubes, Phys. Rev. Lett. 112, 117401 (2014).
  37. T. Hertel, S. Himmelein, T. Ackermann, D. Stich, and J. Crochet, Diffusion Limited Photoluminescence Quantum Yields in 1-D Semiconductors: Single-Wall Carbon Nanotubes, ACS Nano 4, 7161 (2010).
  38. O. N. Torrens, M. Zheng, and J. M. Kikkawa, Energy of K-Momentum Dark Excitons in Carbon Nanotubes by Optical Spectroscopy, Phys. Rev. Lett. 101, 157401 (2008).
  39. J. Lefebvre and P. Finnie, Excited Excitonic States in Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes, Nano Lett. 8, 1890 (2008).
  40. J. Wang, A. Chepelianskii, F. Gao, and N. C. Greenham, Control of exciton spin statistics through spin polarization in organic optoelectronic devices, Nat. Commun. 3, 1191 (2012).
  41. K. Kimura, K. Miwa, H. Imada, M. Imai-Imada, S. Kawahara, J. Takeya, M. Kawai, M. Galperin, and Y. Kim, Selective triplet exciton formation in a single molecule, Nature (London) 570, 210 (2019).
  42. Y. Miyauchi, H. Hirori, K. Matsuda, and Y. Kanemitsu, Radiative lifetimes and coherence lengths of one-dimensional excitons in single-walled carbon nanotubes, Phys. Rev. B 80, 081410(R) (2009).

Outline

Information

Phys. Rev. Research 4, L022011– Published 15 April, 2022
  • Received 19 March 2021
  • Revised 27 February 2022
  • Accepted 23 March 2022
Crossmark - Check for updates button
Creative Commons Logo

Published by the American Physical Society under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International license. Further distribution of this work must maintain attribution to the author(s) and the published article's title, journal citation, and DOI.

Published by the American Physical Society

Sign In to Your Journals Account

Filter

Filter

Article Lookup

Enter a citation