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  • Letter
  • Open Access

Self-assembly in soft matter with multiple length scales

Alberto Scacchi1,2,3,*, Sousa Javan Nikkhah2, Maria Sammalkorpi2,4, and Tapio Ala-Nissila1,5

  • 1Interdisciplinary Centre for Mathematical Modelling and Department of Mathematical Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, Leicestershire LE11 3TU, United Kingdom
  • 2Department of Chemistry and Materials Science, Aalto University, P.O. Box 16100, FI-00076 Aalto, Finland
  • 3Department of Applied Physics, Aalto University, P.O. Box 11000, FI-00076 Aalto, Finland
  • 4Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, Aalto University, P.O. Box 16100, FI-00076 Aalto, Finland
  • 5Quantum Technology Finland Center of Excellence and Department of Applied Physics, Aalto University, P.O. Box 11000, FI-00076 Aalto, Finland

  • *alberto.scacchi@aalto.fi
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Phys. Rev. Research 3, L022008 – Published 23 April, 2021

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevResearch.3.L022008

Abstract

Spontaneous self-assembly in molecular systems is a fundamental route to both biological and engineered soft matter. Simple micellization, emulsion formation, and polymer mixing are well understood. However, the principles behind emergence of structures with competing length scales in soft matter systems remain unknown. Examples include droplet-inside-droplet assembly in many biomacromolecular systems undergoing liquid-liquid phase separation, analogous multiple emulsion formation in oil-surfactant-water formulations, and polymer core-shell particles with internal structure. We develop here a microscopic theoretical model based on effective interactions between the constituents of a soft matter system to explain self-organization both at single and multiple length scales. The model identifies how spatial ordering at multiple length scales emerges due to competing interactions between the system components, e.g., molecules of different sizes and different chemical properties. As an example of single and multiple length scale assembly, we map out a generic phase diagram for a solution with two solute species differing in their mutual and solvent interactions. We further connect the phase diagram to a molecular system via molecular simulations of a block-copolymer system that has a transition from regular single-core polymer particles to multicore aggregates that exhibit multiple structural length scales. The findings provide guidelines to understanding the length scales rising spontaneously in biological self-assembly but also open venues to the development and engineering of biomolecular and polymeric functional materials and pharmaceutical formulations.

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Phys. Rev. Research 3, L022008– Published 23 April, 2021
  • Received 20 January 2021
  • Accepted 25 March 2021
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Published by the American Physical Society under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International license. Further distribution of this work must maintain attribution to the author(s) and the published article's title, journal citation, and DOI.

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