Reuse & Permissions

It is not necessary to obtain permission to reuse this article or its components as it is available under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International license. This license permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided attribution to the author(s) and the published article's title, journal citation, and DOI are maintained. Please note that some figures may have been included with permission from other third parties. It is your responsibility to obtain the proper permission from the rights holder directly for these figures.

Export citation

Export citation

Choose format for download:

Download Citation
  • Open Access

Nonequilibrium transport through an interacting monitored quantum dot

Daniel Werner1, Matthieu Vanhoecke2, Marco Schirò2, and Enrico Arrigoni1,*

  • *Contact author: arrigoni@tugraz.at

Phys. Rev. Research 8, 013203 – Published 23 February, 2026

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1103/8h9h-m7ks

Abstract

We study the interplay between strong correlations and Markovian dephasing, resulting from monitoring the charge or spin degrees of freedom of a quantum dot described by a dissipative Anderson impurity model. Using the auxiliary master equation approach, we compute the steady-state spectral function and occupation of the dot and discuss the role of dephasing on Kondo physics. Furthermore, we consider a two-lead setup that allows to compute the steady-state current and conductance. We show that the Kondo steady state is robust to moderate charge dephasing but not to spin dephasing, which we interpret in terms of dephasing-induced heating of low-energy excitations. Finally, we show universal scaling collapse of the nonlinear conductance with a dephasing-dependent Kondo scale.

View figure in article

Physics Subject Headings (PhySH)

Article Text

References (76)

  1. F. Verstraete, M. M. Wolf, and J. Ignacio Cirac, Quantum computation and quantum-state engineering driven by dissipation, Nat. Phys. 5, 633 (2009).
  2. P. M. Harrington, E. J. Mueller, and K. W. Murch, Engineered dissipation for quantum information science, Nat. Rev. Phys. 4, 660 (2022).
  3. R. Lescanne, M. Villiers, T. Peronnin, A. Sarlette, M. Delbecq, B. Huard, T. Kontos, M. Mirrahimi, and Z. Leghtas, Exponential suppression of bit-flips in a qubit encoded in an oscillator, Nat. Phys. 16, 509 (2020).
  4. U. Réglade, A. Bocquet, R. Gautier, J. Cohen, A. Marquet, E. Albertinale, N. Pankratova, M. Hallén, F. Rautschke, L. A. Sellem, P. Rouchon, A. Sarlette, M. Mirrahimi, P. Campagne-Ibarcq, R. Lescanne, S. Jezouin, and Z. Leghtas, Quantum control of a cat qubit with bit-flip times exceeding ten seconds, Nature (London) 629, 778 (2024).
  5. L. Buffoni, A. Solfanelli, P. Verrucchi, A. Cuccoli, and M. Campisi, Quantum measurement cooling, Phys. Rev. Lett. 122, 070603 (2019).
  6. G. Barontini, Quantum Zeno engines and heat pumps, Phys. Rev. Lett. 134, 010407 (2025).
  7. R. Ma, B. Saxberg, C. Owens, N. Leung, Y. Lu, J. Simon, and D. I. Schuster, A dissipatively stabilized Mott insulator of photons, Nature (London) 566, 51 (2019).
  8. X. Mi, et al., Stable quantum-correlated many-body states through engineered dissipation, Science 383, 1332 (2024).
  9. X. Mi, et al., Noise-resilient edge modes on a chain of superconducting qubits, Science 378, 785 (2022).
  10. J. Langbehn, K. Snizhko, I. Gornyi, G. Morigi, Y. Gefen, and C. P. Koch, Dilute measurement-induced cooling into many-body ground states, PRX Quantum 5, 030301 (2024).
  11. S. Morales, Y. Gefen, I. Gornyi, A. Zazunov, and R. Egger, Engineering unsteerable quantum states with active feedback, Phys. Rev. Res. 6, 013244 (2024).
  12. R. Fazio, J. Keeling, L. Mazza, and M. Schirò, Many-body open quantum systems, SciPost Phys. Lect. Notes 99, 1 (2025).
  13. L. Kouwenhoven and L. Glazman, Revival of the Kondo effect, Phys. World 14, 33 (2001).
  14. M. Pustilnik and L. Glazman, Kondo effect in quantum dots, J. Phys.: Condens. Matter 16, R513 (2004).
  15. J. Kondo, Resistance minimum in dilute magnetic alloys, Prog. Theor. Phys. 32, 37 (1964).
  16. P. W. Anderson, Localized magnetic states in metals, Phys. Rev. 124, 41 (1961).
  17. K. G. Wilson, The renormalization group: Critical phenomena and the Kondo problem, Rev. Mod. Phys. 47, 773 (1975).
  18. A. C. Hewson, Cambridge Studies in Magnetism (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1993).
  19. A. Silva and S. Levit, Peculiarities of the controlled dephasing of a quantum dot in the Kondo regime, Europhys. Lett. 62, 103 (2003).
  20. M. Avinun-Kalish, M. Heiblum, A. Silva, D. Mahalu, and V. Umansky, Controlled dephasing of a quantum dot in the Kondo regime, Phys. Rev. Lett. 92, 156801 (2004).
  21. K. Kang, Decoherence of the Kondo singlet via a quantum point contact detector, Phys. Rev. Lett. 95, 206808 (2005).
  22. K. Kang and G. L. Khym, Entanglement, measurement, and conditional evolution of the Kondo singlet interacting with a mesoscopic detector, New J. Phys. 9, 121 (2007).
  23. T. Aono, Dephasing in a quantum dot coupled to a quantum point contact, Phys. Rev. B 77, 081303(R) (2008).
  24. E. V. Sukhorukov, A. N. Jordan, S. Gustavsson, R. Leturcq, T. Ihn, and K. Ensslin, Conditional statistics of electron transport in interacting nanoscale conductors, Nat. Phys. 3, 243 (2007).
  25. M. S. Ferguson, L. C. Camenzind, C. Müller, D. E. F. Biesinger, C. P. Scheller, B. Braunecker, D. M. Zumbühl, and O. Zilberberg, Measurement-induced population switching, Phys. Rev. Res. 5, 023028 (2023).
  26. H. M. Wiseman and G. J. Milburn, Quantum Measurement and Control (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, England, 2009).
  27. S. Sankar, C. Bertrand, A. Georges, E. Sela, and Y. Meir, Detector-tuned overlap catastrophe in quantum dots, Phys. Rev. B 110, 085133 (2024).
  28. M. R. Delbecq, V. Schmitt, F. D. Parmentier, N. Roch, J. J. Viennot, G. Fève, B. Huard, C. Mora, A. Cottet, and T. Kontos, Coupling a quantum dot, fermionic leads, and a microwave cavity on a chip, Phys. Rev. Lett. 107, 256804 (2011).
  29. A. Cottet, T. Kontos, and B. Douçot, Electron-photon coupling in mesoscopic quantum electrodynamics, Phys. Rev. B 91, 205417 (2015).
  30. L. E. Bruhat, J. J. Viennot, M. C. Dartiailh, M. M. Desjardins, T. Kontos, and A. Cottet, Cavity photons as a probe for charge relaxation resistance and photon emission in a quantum dot coupled to normal and superconducting continua, Phys. Rev. X 6, 021014 (2016).
  31. M. M. Desjardins, J. J. Viennot, M. C. Dartiailh, L. E. Bruhat, M. R. Delbecq, M. Lee, M. S. Choi, A. Cottet, and T. Kontos, Observation of the frozen charge of a Kondo resonance, Nature (London) 545, 71 (2017).
  32. A. Cottet, M. C. Dartiailh, M. M. Desjardins, T. Cubaynes, L. C. Contamin, M. Delbecq, J. J. Viennot, L. E. Bruhat, B. Douçot, and T. Kontos, Cavity QED with hybrid nanocircuits: From atomic-like physics to condensed matter phenomena, J. Phys.: Condens. Matter 29, 433002 (2017).
  33. A. Tilloy, M. Bauer, and D. Bernard, Controlling quantum flux through measurement: An idealised example, Europhys. Lett. 107, 20010 (2014).
  34. G. T. Landi, M. J. Kewming, M. T. Mitchison, and P. P. Potts, Current fluctuations in open quantum systems: Bridging the gap between quantum continuous measurements and full counting statistics, PRX Quantum 5, 020201 (2024).
  35. G. Barontini, R. Labouvie, F. Stubenrauch, A. Vogler, V. Guarrera, and H. Ott, Controlling the dynamics of an open many-body quantum system with localized dissipation, Phys. Rev. Lett. 110, 035302 (2013).
  36. L. Riegger, N. Darkwah Oppong, M. Höfer, D. R. Fernandes, I. Bloch, and S. Fölling, Localized magnetic moments with tunable spin exchange in a gas of ultracold fermions, Phys. Rev. Lett. 120, 143601 (2018).
  37. M. Lebrat, S. Häusler, P. Fabritius, D. Husmann, L. Corman, and T. Esslinger, Quantized conductance through a spin-selective atomic point contact, Phys. Rev. Lett. 123, 193605 (2019).
  38. M. Kanász-Nagy, Y. Ashida, T. Shi, C. P. Moca, T. N. Ikeda, S. Fölling, J. I. Cirac, G. Zaránd, and E. A. Demler, Exploring the anisotropic Kondo model in and out of equilibrium with alkaline-earth atoms, Phys. Rev. B 97, 155156 (2018).
  39. M.-Z. Huang, J. Mohan, A.-M. Visuri, P. Fabritius, M. Talebi, S. Wili, S. Uchino, T. Giamarchi, and T. Esslinger, Superfluid signatures in a dissipative quantum point contact, Phys. Rev. Lett. 130, 200404 (2023).
  40. F. Gerbier and Y. Castin, Heating rates for an atom in a far-detuned optical lattice, Phys. Rev. A 82, 013615 (2010).
  41. R. Bouganne, M. Bosch Aguilera, A. Ghermaoui, J. Beugnon, and F. Gerbier, Anomalous decay of coherence in a dissipative many-body system, Nat. Phys. 16, 21 (2020).
  42. J. J. García-Ripoll, S. Dürr, N. Syassen, D. M. Bauer, M. Lettner, G. Rempe, and J. I. Cirac, Dissipation-induced hard-core boson gas in an optical lattice, New J. Phys. 11, 013053 (2009).
  43. Y. S. Patil, S. Chakram, and M. Vengalattore, Measurement-induced localization of an ultracold lattice gas, Phys. Rev. Lett. 115, 140402 (2015).
  44. T. Tomita, S. Nakajima, I. Danshita, Y. Takasu, and Y. Takahashi, Observation of the Mott insulator to superfluid crossover of a driven-dissipative Bose-Hubbard system, Sci. Adv. 3, 1 (2017).
  45. K. Honda, S. Taie, Y. Takasu, N. Nishizawa, M. Nakagawa, and Y. Takahashi, Observation of the sign reversal of the magnetic correlation in a driven-dissipative Fermi gas in double wells, Phys. Rev. Lett. 130, 063001 (2023).
  46. M. Schiro and O. Scarlatella, Quantum impurity models coupled to Markovian and non-Markovian baths, J. Chem. Phys. 151, 044102 (2019).
  47. H. Fröml, A. Chiocchetta, C. Kollath, and S. Diehl, Fluctuation-induced quantum Zeno effect, Phys. Rev. Lett. 122, 040402 (2019).
  48. F. Tonielli, R. Fazio, S. Diehl, and J. Marino, Orthogonality catastrophe in dissipative quantum many-body systems, Phys. Rev. Lett. 122, 040604 (2019).
  49. M. Hasegawa, M. Nakagawa, and K. Saito, Kondo effect in a quantum dot under continuous quantum measurement, arXiv:2111.07771.
  50. A.-M. Visuri, T. Giamarchi, and C. Kollath, Symmetry-protected transport through a lattice with a local particle loss, Phys. Rev. Lett. 129, 056802 (2022).
  51. J. Ferreira, T. Jin, J. Mannhart, T. Giamarchi, and M. Filippone, Transport and nonreciprocity in monitored quantum devices: An exact study, Phys. Rev. Lett. 132, 136301 (2024).
  52. M. Stefanini and J. Marino, Orthogonality catastrophe beyond Luttinger liquid from post-selection, Phys. Rev. Res. 6, L042022 (2024).
  53. M. Stefanini, Y.-F. Qu, T. Esslinger, S. Gopalakrishnan, E. Demler, and J. Marino, Dissipative realization of Kondo models, Commun. Phys. 8, 212 (2025).
  54. M. Vanhoecke and M. Schirò, Diagrammatic Monte Carlo for dissipative quantum impurity models, Phys. Rev. B 109, 125125 (2024).
  55. M. Vanhoecke, N. Tsuji, and M. Schirò, Dissipative Kondo physics in the Anderson impurity model with two-body losses, arXiv:2506.22302.
  56. Y.-F. Qu, M. Stefanini, T. Shi, T. Esslinger, S. Gopalakrishnan, J. Marino, and E. Demler, Variational approach to the dynamics of dissipative quantum impurity models, Phys. Rev. B 111, 155113 (2025).
  57. P. C. Burke and A. K. Mitchell, Non-Hermitian numerical renormalization group: Solution of the non-Hermitian Kondo model, Phys. Rev. Lett. 135, 206502 (2025).
  58. Y. Tang, P. Kattel, J. H. Pixley, and N. Andrei, Quantum Zeno effect in noisy integrable quantum circuits for impurity models, Phys. Rev. B 111, 054313 (2025).
  59. M. Nakagawa, N. Kawakami, and M. Ueda, Non-Hermitian Kondo effect in ultracold alkaline-earth atoms, Phys. Rev. Lett. 121, 203001 (2018).
  60. J. A. S. Lourenço, R. L. Eneias, and R. G. Pereira, Kondo effect in a PT-symmetric non-Hermitian Hamiltonian, Phys. Rev. B 98, 085126 (2018).
  61. P. Kattel, A. Zhakenov, P. R. Pasnoori, P. Azaria, and N. Andrei, Dissipation driven phase transition in the non-Hermitian Kondo model, Phys. Rev. B 111, L201106 (2025).
  62. M. Vanhoecke and M. Schirò, Kondo-Zeno crossover in the dynamics of a monitored quantum dot, Nat. Commun. 16, 6155 (2025).
  63. A. Rosch, J. Kroha, and P. Wölfle, Kondo effect in quantum dots at high voltage: Universality and scaling, Phys. Rev. Lett. 87, 156802 (2001).
  64. A. Dorda, M. Nuss, W. von der Linden, and E. Arrigoni, Auxiliary master equation approach to non-equilibrium correlated impurities, Phys. Rev. B 89, 165105 (2014).
  65. E. Arrigoni and A. Dorda, Master equations versus Keldysh Green’s functions for correlated quantum systems out of equilibrium, in Out-of-Equilibrium Physics of Correlated Electron Systems, Springer Series in Solid-State Sciences, Vol. 191, edited by R. Citro and F. Mancini (Springer International Publishing, Cham, Switzerland, 2018), Chap. 4, pp. 121–188.
  66. D. Werner, J. Lotze, and E. Arrigoni, Configuration interaction based nonequilibrium steady state impurity solver, Phys. Rev. B 107, 075119 (2023).
  67. Here, Θsm is a Θ function that is smoothed at the edges in order to avoid sharp features.
  68. H. P. Breuer and F. Petruccione, The Theory of Open Quantum Systems (Oxford University Press, Oxford, 2007), Vol. 9780199213, 1st ed.
  69. E. Arrigoni, M. Knap, and W. von der Linden, Nonequilibrium dynamical mean field theory: An auxiliary quantum master equation approach, Phys. Rev. Lett. 110, 086403 (2013).
  70. A. Dorda, M. Ganahl, H. G. Evertz, W. von der Linden, and E. Arrigoni, Auxiliary master equation approach within matrix product states: Spectral properties of the nonequilibrium Anderson impurity model, Phys. Rev. B 92, 125145 (2015).
  71. A. Dorda, M. Sorantin, W. von der Linden, and E. Arrigoni, Optimized auxiliary representation of non-Markovian impurity problems by a Lindblad equation, New J. Phys. 19, 063005 (2017).
  72. Y. Meir and N. S. Wingreen, Landauer formula for the current through an interacting electron region, Phys. Rev. Lett. 68, 2512 (1992).
  73. P. Nozières, A “Fermi-liquid” description of the Kondo problem at low temperatures, J. Low Temp. Phys. 17, 31 (1974).
  74. D. Werner, E. Arrigoni, M. Vanhoecke, and M. Schirò, Nonequilibrium transport through an interacting monitored quantum dot [Data set], TU Graz repository (2026), 10.3217/rb2sj-8gw38.
  75. D. Werner and E. Arrigoni, Functional interpolation expansion for nonequilibrium correlated impurities, Phys. Rev. Res. 7, L022044 (2025).
  76. T. Jin, J. S. Ferreira, M. Filippone, and T. Giamarchi, Exact description of quantum stochastic models as quantum resistors, Phys. Rev. Res. 4, 013109 (2022).

Outline

Information

Sign In to Your Journals Account

Filter

Filter

Article Lookup

Enter a citation