- Physical Review Journals
All JournalsPhysics Magazine

Physical Review Research

Reuse & Permissions

It is not necessary to obtain permission to reuse this article or its components as it is available under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International license. This license permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided attribution to the author(s) and the published article's title, journal citation, and DOI are maintained. Please note that some figures may have been included with permission from other third parties. It is your responsibility to obtain the proper permission from the rights holder directly for these figures.

Export citation

Export citation

Choose format for download:

Download Citation
  • Open Access

Resonant amplification of multimessenger emission in rotating stellar core collapse

Marco Cusinato1,*, Martin Obergaulinger1,2,†, Miguel Á. Aloy1,2,‡, and José A. Font1,2

  • *Contact author: marco.cusinato@uv.es
  • †Contact author: martin.obergaulinger@uv.es
  • ‡Contact author: miguel.a.aloy@uv.es
PDF

Phys. Rev. Research 8, 013180 – Published 19 February, 2026

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1103/6wp3-sw9y

Abstract

In a series of axisymmetric core-collapse supernova simulations extending up to ∼2s, we identify a regime of precollapse central rotation rates (∼1Hz) that greatly enhances the emission of gravitational waves (GWs) during extended periods of time after bounce. The enhancement is a consequence of the resonance between the frequency of the fundamental quadrupolar f2 mode of oscillation of the protoneutron star and the frequency of the epicyclic oscillations at the boundary of the inner core. We observe periods of about several hundred milliseconds each where the resonance is active. The GW emission enhancement produces a correlated resonant modulation of the associated neutrino signal at the same frequencies. With GW frequencies of O(1kHz) and strain amplitudes within the sensitivity curves of current and next-generation interferometers at distances of O(1Mpc), this resonant-amplification mechanism may represent a potential game changer for unveiling the supernova explosion mechanism through multimessenger astronomy.

View figure in article

Physics Subject Headings (PhySH)

Article Text

References (65)

  1. R. M. Bionta, et al., Observation of a neutrino burst in coincidence with supernova 1987A in the large magellanic cloud, Phys. Rev. Lett. 58, 1494 (1987).
  2. K. Hirata, et al., Observation of a neutrino burst from the supernova SN1987A, Phys. Rev. Lett. 58, 1490 (1987).
  3. E. N. Alexeyev, L. N. Alexeyeva, I. V. Krivosheina, and V. I. Volchenko, Detection of the neutrino signal from SN 1987A in the LMC using the INR Baksan underground scintillation telescope, Phys. Lett. B 205, 209 (1988).
  4. T. Dotani, et al., Discovery of an unusual hard X-ray source in the region of supernova 1987A, Nature (London) 330, 230 (1987).
  5. S. M. Matz, G. H. Share, M. D. Leising, E. L. Chupp, W. T. Vestrand, W. R. Purcell, M. S. Strickman, and C. Reppin, Gamma-ray line emission from SN1987A, Nature (London) 331, 416 (1988).
  6. K. Scholberg, Supernova neutrino detection, Annu. Rev. Nucl. Part. Sci. 62, 81 (2012).
  7. M. G. Aartsen, et al. (The IceCube Collaboration), The IceCube Neutrino Observatory: Instrumentation and online systems, J. Instrum. 12, P03012..
  8. S Adrián-Martínez, et al. (KM3NeT Collaboration), Letter of intent for KM3NeT 2.0, J. Phys. G: Nucl. Part. Phys. 43, 084001 (2016).
  9. Y. Suwa, A. Harada, M. Harada, Y. Koshio, M. Mori, F. Nakanishi, K. Nakazato, K. Sumiyoshi, and R. A. Wendell, Observing supernova neutrino light curves with Super-Kamiokande. III. Extraction of mass and radius of neutron stars from synthetic data, Astrophys. J. 934, 15 (2022).
  10. P. Martínez-Miravé, I. Tamborra, M. Á. Aloy, and M. Obergaulinger, Diffuse neutrino background from magnetorotational stellar core collapses, Phys. Rev. D 110, 103029 (2024).
  11. J. Aasi, et al. (LIGO Scientific Collaboration), Advanced LIGO, Classical Quantum Gravity 32, 074001 (2015).
  12. F. Acernese, et al. (Virgo Collaboration), Advanced Virgo: A second-generation interferometric gravitational wave detector, Classical Quantum Gravity 32, 024001 (2014).
  13. KAGRA Scientific Collaboration, KAGRA: 2.5 generation interferometric gravitational wave detector, Nat. Astron. 2019 3:1 3, 35 (2019).
  14. M. J. Szczepańczyk, et al., Optically targeted search for gravitational waves emitted by core-collapse supernovae during the third observing run of Advanced LIGO and Advanced Virgo, Phys. Rev. D 110, 042007 (2024).
  15. A. G. Abac, et al. (The LIGO Scientific Collaboration, the Virgo Collaboration), Search for gravitational waves emitted from SN 2023ixf, Astrophys. J. 985, 183 (2025).
  16. M. Maggiore, C. Van Den Broeck, N. Bartolo, E. Belgacem, D. Bertacca, M. A. Bizouard, M. Branchesi, S. Clesse, S. Foffa, J. García-Bellido, S. Grimm, J. Harms, T. Hinderer, S. Matarrese, C. Palomba, M. Peloso, A. Ricciardone, and M. Sakellariadou, Science case for the Einstein telescope, J. Cosmol. Astropart. Phys. 03 (2020) 050.
  17. D. Reitze, R. X. Adhikari, S. Ballmer, B. Barish, L. Barsotti, G. Billingsley, D. A. Brown, Y. Chen, D. Coyne, R. Eisenstein, M. Evans, P. Fritschel, E. D. Hall, A. Lazzarini, G. Lovelace, J. Read, B. S. Sathyaprakash, D. Shoemaker, J. Smith, C. Torrie, S. Vitale, R. Weiss, C. Wipf, and M. Zucker, Cosmic Explorer: The U.S. contribution to gravitational-wave astronomy beyond LIGO, in Bulletin of the American Astronomical Society (2019), Vol. 51, p. 35.
  18. A. Burrows, Supernova neutrinos, Astrophys. J. 334, 891 (1988).
  19. B. Müller, H.-T. Janka, and A. Marek, A new multi-dimensional general relativistic neutrino hydrodynamics code of core-collapse supernovae. III. Gravitational wave signals from supernova explosion models, Astrophys. J. 766, 43 (2013).
  20. K.-C. Pan, M. Liebendörfer, S. M. Couch, and F.-K. Thielemann, Equation of state dependent dynamics and multi-messenger signals from stellar-mass black hole formation, Astrophys. J. 857, 13 (2018).
  21. P. Cerdá-Durán, N. DeBrye, M. A. Aloy, J. A. Font, and M. Obergaulinger, Gravitational wave signatures in black hole forming core collapse, Astrophys. J. Lett. 779, L18 (2013).
  22. A. Torres-Forné, P. Cerdá-Durán, A. Passamonti, and J. A. Font, Towards asteroseismology of core-collapse supernovae with gravitational-wave observations—I. Cowling approximation, Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 474, 5272 (2018).
  23. H. Andresen, B. Müller, E. Müller, and H. T. Janka, Gravitational wave signals from 3D neutrino hydrodynamics simulations of core-collapse supernovae, Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 468, 2032 (2017).
  24. T. Malik, N. Alam, M. Fortin, C. Providência, B. K. Agrawal, T. K. Jha, B. Kumar, and S. K. Patra, GW170817: Constraining the nuclear matter equation of state from the neutron star tidal deformability, Phys. Rev. C 98, 035804 (2018).
  25. G. Raaijmakers, S. K. Greif, T. E. Riley, T. Hinderer, K. Hebeler, A. Schwenk, A. L. Watts, S. Nissanke, S. Guillot, J. M. Lattimer, and R. M. Ludlam, Constraining the dense matter equation of state with joint analysis of NICER and LIGO/Virgo measurements, Astrophys. J. Lett. 893, L21 (2020).
  26. A. Torres-Forné, P. Cerdá-Durán, M. Obergaulinger, B. Müller, and J. A. Font, Universal relations for gravitational-wave asteroseismology of protoneutron stars, Phys. Rev. Lett. 123, 051102 (2019).
  27. T. Bruel, M.-A. Bizouard, M. Obergaulinger, P. Maturana-Russel, A. Torres-Forné, P. Cerdá-Durán, N. Christensen, J. A. Font, and R. Meyer, Inference of protoneutron star properties in core-collapse supernovae from a gravitational-wave detector network, Phys. Rev. D 107, 083029 (2023).
  28. M. C. Rodriguez, I. F. Ranea-Sandoval, C. Chirenti, and D. Radice, Three approaches for the classification of protoneutron star oscillation modes, Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 523, 2236 (2023).
  29. S. Shibagaki, T. Kuroda, K. Kotake, T. Takiwaki, and T. Fischer, Three-dimensional GRMHD simulations of rapidly rotating stellar core collapse, Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 531, 3732 (2024).
  30. J. Powell, B. Müller, D. R. Aguilera-Dena, and N. Langer, Three dimensional magnetorotational core-collapse supernova explosions of a 39 solar mass progenitor star, Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 522, 6070 (2023).
  31. H. Dimmelmeier, N. Stergioulas, and J. A. Font, Non-linear axisymmetric pulsations of rotating relativistic stars in the conformal flatness approximation, Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 368, 1609 (2006).
  32. E. B. Abdikamalov, H. Dimmelmeier, L. Rezzolla, and J. C. Miller, Relativistic simulations of the phase-transition-induced collapse of neutron stars, Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 392, 52 (2009).
  33. J. R. Westernacher-Schneider, E. O’Connor, E. O’Sullivan, I. Tamborra, M.-R. Wu, S. M. Couch, and F. Malmenbeck, Multimessenger asteroseismology of core-collapse supernovae, Phys. Rev. D 100, 123009 (2019).
  34. M. Obergaulinger, O. Just, and M. A. Aloy, Core collapse with magnetic fields and rotation, J. Phys. G: Nucl. Part. Phys. 45, 084001 (2018).
  35. O. Just, M. Obergaulinger, and H. T. Janka, A new multidimensional, energy-dependent two-moment transport code for neutrino-hydrodynamics, Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 453, 3387 (2015).
  36. M. Obergaulinger and M. Á. Aloy, Magnetorotational core collapse of possible gamma-ray burst progenitors. IV. A wider range of progenitors, Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 512, 2489 (2022).
  37. A. Marek, H. Dimmelmeier, H. T. Janka, E. Müller, and R. Buras, Exploring the relativistic regime with Newtonian hydrodynamics: An improved effective gravitational potential for supernova simulations, Astron. Astrophys. 445, 273 (2006).
  38. A. W. Steiner, J. M. Lattimer, and E. F. Brown, The neutron star mass-radius relation and the equation of state of dense matter, Astrophys. J. Lett. 765, L5 (2013).
  39. M. Obergaulinger, M. A. Aloy, and E. Müller, Axisymmetric simulations of magneto-rotational core collapse: Dynamics and gravitational wave signal, Astron. Astrophys. 450, 1107 (2006).
  40. D. R. Aguilera-Dena, N. Langer, T. J. Moriya, and A. Schootemeijer, Related progenitor models for long-duration gamma-ray bursts and type Ic superluminous supernovae, Astrophys. J. 858, 115 (2018).
  41. S. E. Woosley and A. Heger, The progenitor stars of gamma-ray bursts, Astrophys. J. 637, 914 (2006).
  42. A. Griffiths, P. Eggenberger, G. Meynet, F. Moyano, and M.-Á. Aloy, The magneto-rotational instability in massive stars, Astron. Astrophys. 665, A147 (2022).
  43. A. Torres-Forné, P. Cerdá-Durán, A. Passamonti, M. Obergaulinger, and J. A. Font, Towards asteroseismology of core-collapse supernovae with gravitational wave observations. II. Inclusion of space-time perturbations, Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 482, 3967 (2019).
  44. E. Abdikamalov, S. Gossan, A. M. DeMaio, and C. D. Ott, Measuring the angular momentum distribution in core-collapse supernova progenitors with gravitational waves, Phys. Rev. D 90, 044001 (2014).
  45. S. Richers, C. D. Ott, E. Abdikamalov, E. O’Connor, and C. Sullivan, Equation of state effects on gravitational waves from rotating core collapse, Phys. Rev. D 95, 063019 (2017).
  46. S. Zha, Proper way to spatially decompose the gravitational-wave origin in stellar collapse simulations, Phys. Rev. D 110, 083034 (2024).
  47. T. Ertl, H. T. Janka, S. E. Woosley, T. Sukhbold, and M. Ugliano, A two-parameter criterion for classifying the explodability of massive stars by the neutrino-driven mechanism, Astrophys. J. 818, 124 (2016).
  48. C. J. Moore, R. H. Cole, and C. P. L. Berry, Gravitational-wave sensitivity curves, Classical Quantum Gravity 32, 015014 (2015).
  49. F. Harris, On the use of windows for harmonic analysis with the discrete Fourier transform, Proc. IEEE 66, 51 (1978).
  50. B. P. Abbott, et al. (LSC, KAGRA Collaboration, and VIRGO Collaboration), Prospects for observing and localizing gravitational-wave transients with Advanced LIGO, Advanced Virgo and KAGRA, Living Rev. Relativ. 23, 3 (2020).
  51. LSC, KAGRA Collaboration, and VIRGO Collaboration, Noise curves used for simulations in the update of the observing scenarios paper, https://dcc.ligo.org/LIGO-T2000012/public (2022), accessed January 2025.
  52. S. Hild, et al., Sensitivity studies for third-generation gravitational wave observatories, Classical Quantum Gravity 28, 094013 (2011).
  53. ET design team, ET-D sensitivity curve, https://apps.et-gw.eu/tds/?content=3\&r=14065 (2018), accessed January 2025.
  54. V. Srivastava, D. Davis, K. Kuns, P. Landry, S. Ballmer, M. Evans, E. D. Hall, J. Read, and B. S. Sathyaprakash, Science-driven tunable design of Cosmic Explorer detectors, Astrophys. J. 931, 22 (2022).
  55. K. Kuns, P. Fulda, L. Barsotti, and M. Evans, Cosmic Explorer document T2000017-v8, https://dcc.cosmicexplorer.org/CE-T2000017/public (2023), accessed January 2025.
  56. J. Powell and B. Müller, The gravitational-wave emission from the explosion of a 15 solar mass star with rotation and magnetic fields, Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 532, 4326 (2024).
  57. I. D. Karachentsev and O. G. Kashibadze, Masses of the local group and of the M81 group estimated from distortions in the local velocity field, Astrophysics 49, 3 (2006).
  58. S. Suvorova, J. Powell, and A. Melatos, Reconstructing gravitational wave core-collapse supernova signals with dynamic time warping, Phys. Rev. D 99, 123012 (2019).
  59. R. D. Murphy, A. Casallas-Lagos, A. Mezzacappa, M. Zanolin, R. E. Landfield, E. J. Lentz, P. Marronetti, J. M. Antelis, and C. Moreno, Dependence of the reconstructed core-collapse supernova gravitational wave high-frequency feature on the nuclear equation of state in real interferometric data, Phys. Rev. D 110, 083006 (2024).
  60. G. Holgado, S. Simón-Díaz, A. Herrero, and R. H. Barbá, The IACOB project. VII. The rotational properties of Galactic massive O-type stars revisited, Astron. Astrophys. 665, A150 (2022).
  61. S. Ando, Cosmic star formation history and the future observation of supernova relic neutrinos, Astrophys. J. 607, 20 (2004).
  62. M. T. Botticella, M. Riello, E. Cappellaro, S. Benetti, G. Altavilla, A. Pastorello, G. Pignata, S. Taubenberger, and S. Valenti, Supernova rates from the SUDARE survey: The local rate of core-collapse supernovae, Astron. Astrophys. 537, A132 (2012).
  63. S. Horiuchi, J. F. Beacom, M. S. Bothwell, T. A. Thompson, and D. M. Szczygieł, The cosmic core-collapse supernova rate does not match the massive-star formation rate, Astrophys. J. 769, 113 (2013).
  64. E. Cappellaro, M. T. Botticella, and G. Pignata, Supernova rates in the local universe, IAU Symp. 317, 181 (2015).
  65. A. Heger, S. E. Woosley, and H. C. Spruit, Presupernova evolution of differentially rotating massive stars including magnetic fields, Astrophys. J. 626, 350 (2005).

Outline

Information

Phys. Rev. Research 8, 013180– Published 19 February, 2026
  • Received 5 April 2025
  • Accepted 2 February 2026
Crossmark - Check for updates button
Creative Commons Logo

Published by the American Physical Society under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International license. Further distribution of this work must maintain attribution to the author(s) and the published article's title, journal citation, and DOI.

Published by the American Physical Society

Sign In to Your Journals Account

Filter

Filter

Article Lookup

Enter a citation