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Classification of fragile topology enabled by matrix homotopy

Ki Young Lee1,*, Stephan Wong1, Sachin Vaidya2, Terry A. Loring3, and Alexander Cerjan1,†

  • *Contact author: kiylee@sandia.gov
  • †Contact author: awcerja@sandia.gov
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Phys. Rev. Research 7, 033235 – Published 10 September, 2025

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1103/5rqd-bp11

Abstract

Flat bands in twisted materials have attracted considerable attention due to the emergence of correlated phases that can be associated with the non-Wannier-representable nature of its single-particle states. Specifically, these bands can exhibit a class of topology that can be nullified by the addition of trivial bands, termed fragile topology, which has required an expansion of prior classification schemes. However, existing approaches for predicting fragile topology rely on momentum-space methods, e.g., Wilson loops, presenting a fundamental challenge for using fragile topology as a predictor of correlated phases in aperiodic systems, such as incommensurate twist angles in moiré materials. Here, we develop a Z2 energy-resolved topological marker for classifying fragile phases using a system’s position-space description, enabling the direct classification of finite, disordered, and aperiodic materials. By translating the physical symmetries protecting the system’s fragile topological phase into matrix symmetries of the system’s Hamiltonian and position operators, we use matrix homotopy to construct our topological marker while simultaneously yielding a quantitative measure of topological robustness. We demonstrate our framework’s effectiveness in both a low-energy tight-binding model and a continuum photonic crystal model of C2T-symmetric systems, and find that fragile topology can both persist under strong disorder and even exhibit disorder-induced reentrant phase transitions. Our photonic crystal results also demonstrate the robustness of fragile topology, and the applicability of our approach, to heterostructures lacking a bulk spectral gap. Overall, our framework serves as an efficient tool for elucidating fragile topology, offering guidance for the prediction and discovery of correlated phases in both crystalline and aperiodic materials.

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Phys. Rev. Research 7, 033235– Published 10 September, 2025
  • Received 5 March 2025
  • Accepted 21 August 2025
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