Reuse & Permissions

It is not necessary to obtain permission to reuse this article or its components as it is available under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International license. This license permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided attribution to the author(s) and the published article's title, journal citation, and DOI are maintained. Please note that some figures may have been included with permission from other third parties. It is your responsibility to obtain the proper permission from the rights holder directly for these figures.

Export citation

Export citation

Choose format for download:

Download Citation
  • Open Access

Cultivating cross-disciplinary measurement literacy via a unified classical-to-quantum interferometry framework and metrological practices

Zhenhui Du and Zehua Wang

  • State Key Laboratory of Precision Measuring Technology and Instruments, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China

Phys. Rev. Phys. Educ. Res. 22, 020146 – Published 9 October, 2026

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1103/wn6j-gzxz

Abstract

Measurement claims carry high stakes, yet students and early-career professionals rarely receive explicit training in the reasoning chain that justifies them. Despite growing emphasis on transferable competence, measurement reasoning remains a blind spot: learners seldom map a measurand (the quantity of interest) to an estimand (the reported quantity inferred from data), anchor inference in an explicit noise or likelihood model, or report results with uncertainty and traceability. This fragmentation weakens rigor and communication across domains. We define cross-disciplinary measurement literacy as the ability to connect a measurand to an estimand, justify inference under explicit noise and likelihood models, and report results with uncertainty and traceability. We operationalized this construct through a unified Encoding→Evolution→Readout→Estimation schema integrated with metrological closure and implemented it in a 4×2−h module. This multicohort descriptive evaluation includes five cohorts with verified pre- and postadministration records (N=114) and two undergraduate team-task cohorts. Cohort-level summaries showed immediate post-test means 34–54 points above pretest means and normalized gains of 0.642–0.782 on an intervention-aligned assessment. Team rubric summaries provided evidence of feasible group-level enactment of the schema, while uncertainty budgeting and traceability remained the principal difficulties. This study is designed as a bounded descriptive evaluation. It provides evidence for the schema’s teachability and its utility as a short-term organizer for measurement reasoning, specifically within the instructional context studied.

View figure in article

Physics Subject Headings (PhySH)

Article Text

Supplemental Material

References (51)

  1. C. Dawson, H. Julku, M. Pihlajamäki, J. K. Kaakinen, J. W. Schooler, and J. Simola, Evidence-based scientific thinking and decision-making in everyday life, Cognit. Res.: Princ. Implic. 9, 50 (2024).
  2. S. Blauza, K. Kremer, and B. Heuckmann, An integrative framework for navigating uncertainty in science education, J. Res. Sci. Teach. 62, 2216 (2025).
  3. JCGM (Joint Committee for Guides in Metrology), Evaluation of measurement data—Guide to the expression of uncertainty in measurement (GUM) (JCGM 100:2008), 10.59161/JCGM100-2008.
  4. JCGM (Joint Committee for Guides in Metrology), International vocabulary of metrology—Basic and general concepts and associated terms (VIM) (3rd ed.) (JCGM 200:2012), 10.59161/JCGM200-2012.
  5. ISO/IEC, ISO/IEC 17025: 2017 general requirements for the competence of testing and calibration laboratories, International Organization for Standardization, 2017, https://www.iso.org/standard/66912.html.
  6. K. Krijtenburg-Lewerissa, H. J. Pol, A. Brinkman, and W. R. van Joolingen, Insights into teaching quantum mechanics in secondary and lower undergraduate education, Phys. Rev. Phys. Educ. Res. 13, 010109 (2017).
  7. L. Deslauriers and C. Wieman, Research on teaching and learning quantum mechanics, Phys. Rev. ST Phys. Educ. Res. 7, 010101 (2011).
  8. V. Giovannetti, S. Lloyd, and L. Maccone, Advances in quantum metrology, Nat. Photonics 5, 222 (2011).
  9. L. Pezzè, A. Smerzi, M. K. Oberthaler, R. Schmied, and P. Treutlein, Quantum metrology with nonclassical states of atomic ensembles, Rev. Mod. Phys. 90, 035005 (2018).
  10. B. E. A. Saleh and M. C. Teich, Fundamentals of Photonics, 3rd ed. (Wiley, New York, 2019).
  11. B. Pollard, A. Werth, R. Hobbs, and H. J. Lewandowski, Impact of a course transformation on students’ reasoning about measurement uncertainty, Phys. Rev. Phys. Educ. Res. 16, 020160 (2020).
  12. A. Werth, B. Pollard, R. Hobbs, and H. J. Lewandowski, Investigating changes in student views of measurement uncertainty in an introductory physics lab course using clustering algorithms, Phys. Rev. Phys. Educ. Res. 19, 020146 (2023).
  13. T. Wan, Investigating student reasoning about measurement uncertainty and ability to draw conclusions from measurement data in inquiry-based university physics labs, Int. J. Sci. Educ. 45, 223 (2023).
  14. J. Day and D. Bonn, Development of the concise data processing assessment, Phys. Rev. ST Phys. Educ. Res. 7, 010114 (2011).
  15. U.S. Collab, National Quantum Initiative Act, Public Law 115–368 (U.S. Government Publishing Office, Washington, D.C., 2018), https://www.govinfo.gov/app/details/PLAW-115publ368.
  16. ISO/IEC JTC 3 Quantum Technologies, Committee Scope and Structure (International Organization for Standardization (ISO), Geneva, Switzerland, n.d.), https://www.iso.org/committee/10138914.html.
  17. BIPM, Report of the BIPM workshop on accelerating the adoption of quantum technologies through measurements and standards, , 2024, https://www.bipm.org/documents/20126/259516863/BIPM-WS-QANTUM-TECH+-+Final+Report/687bc6fe-3efb-4003-e074-1f23b2251dcf 2024-03.
  18. CEN-CENELEC Focus Group on Quantum Technologies, Standardization roadmap on quantum technologies (release 1.1) (2024), https://www.cencenelec.eu/media/CEN-CENELEC/AreasOfWork/CEN-CENELEC_Topics/Quantum%20technologies/Documentation%20and%20Materials/fgqt_q06_standardizationroadmapquantumtechnologies_release1-1.pdf.
  19. National Quantum Initiative Advisory Committee, Quantum frontiers: Report on community input to the nation’s strategy for quantum information science, National Quantum Coordination Office, 2019, https://www.quantum.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/10/QuantumFrontiers.pdf.
  20. E. Marshman and C. Singh, Investigating and improving student understanding of quantum mechanics in the context of single photon interference, Phys. Rev. Phys. Educ. Res. 13, 010117 (2017).
  21. E. M. Stump, M. Dew, G. Passante, and N G. Holmes, Context affects student thinking about sources of uncertainty in classical and quantum mechanics, Phys. Rev. Phys. Educ. Res. 19, 020157 (2023).
  22. A. Schang, M. Dew, E. M. Stump, N G. Holmes, and G. Passante, New perspectives on student reasoning about measurement uncertainty: More or better data, Phys. Rev. Phys. Educ. Res. 19, 020105 (2023).
  23. X. Tang, G. Shu, B. Wei, and D. Levin, Emergent learning about measurement and uncertainty in an inquiry context: A case from an elementary classroom, Sci. Educ. 108, 308 (2024).
  24. J. Abadie et al., A gravitational wave observatory operating beyond the quantum shot-noise limit, Nat. Phys. 7, 962 (2011).
  25. R. Schnabel, Squeezed states of light and their applications in laser interferometers, Phys. Rep. 684, 1 (2017).
  26. Mars Climate Orbiter Mishap Investigation Board, Mars climate orbiter mishap investigation board phase I report, NASA, 1999, https://llis.nasa.gov/llis_lib/pdf/1009464main1_0641-mr.pdf.
  27. T. Adam et al. (OPERA Collaboration), Measurement of the neutrino velocity with the OPERA detector in the CNGS beam, J. High Energy Phys. 10 (2012) 93.
  28. P. A. R. Ade et al., Joint analysis of BICEP2/Keck array and Planck data, Phys. Rev. Lett. 114, 101301 (2015).
  29. S. Satanassi and O. Levrini, Second quantum revolution: The progressive design of an approach to value its cultural and conceptual scope, Phys. Rev. Phys. Educ. Res. 21, 010112 (2025).
  30. F. Orts, Pedagogical approach for quantum computing in engineering education, Comput. Appl. Eng. Educ. 33, e70004 (2025).
  31. ABET, Criteria for accrediting engineering programs, 2025–2026, ABET Engineering Accreditation Commission, 2024, https://www.abet.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/2025-2026_EAC_Criteria.pdf.
  32. European Network for Accreditation of Engineering Education (ENAEE), EUR-ACE® Framework Standards and Guidelines, ENAEE, 2021.
  33. Worldwide CDIO Initiative, CDIO standards 3.0 (Worldwide CDIO Initiative, Cambridge, MA, USA, 2020).
  34. Z. Du, Introduction to Quantum Precision Measurements (Tianjin University Press, Tianjin, 2026).
  35. C. W. Helstrom, Quantum Detection and Estimation Theory (Academic Press, New York, 1976).
  36. A. S. Holevo, Probabilistic and Statistical Aspects of Quantum Theory (North-Holland, Amsterdam, 1982).
  37. C. M. Caves, Quantum-mechanical noise in an interferometer, Phys. Rev. D 23, 1693 (1981).
  38. L. McCuller, C. Whittle, D. Ganapathy, K. Komori, M. Tse, A. Fernandez-Galiana, L. Barsotti, P. Fritschel, M. MacInnis, F. Matichard, K. Mason, N. Mavalvala, R. Mittleman, H. Yu, M. E. Zucker, and M. Evans, Frequency-dependent squeezing for advanced LIGO, Phys. Rev. Lett. 124, 171102 (2020).
  39. How People Learn: Brain, Mind, Experience, and School (Expanded ed.), J. D. Bransford, A. L. Brown, and R. R. Cocking Eds. (National Academies Press, Washington, D.C., 2000).
  40. D. N. Perkins and G. Salomon, Teaching for transfer, Educ. Leadership 46, 22 (1988).
  41. J. Biggs and C. Tang, Teaching for Quality Learning at University, 4th ed. (Open University Press, Maidenhead, UK, 2011).
  42. S. Freeman, S. L. Eddy, M. McDonough, M. K. Smith, N. Okoroafor, H. Jordt, and M. P. Wenderoth, Active learning increases student performance in science, engineering, and mathematics, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 111, 8410 (2014).
  43. T. R. Kelley and J. G. Knowles, A conceptual framework for integrated STEM education, Int. J. STEM Educ. 3, 11 (2016).
  44. National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine, STEM integration in K-12 education: Status, prospects, and an agenda for research, National Academies Press, 2014.
  45. See Supplemental Material at http://link.aps.org/supplemental/10.1103/wn6j-gzxz for the assessment blueprint, instrument items, scoring key, project prompt and reporting template, rubrics with anchor examples, coding guide, and deidentified summary data and analysis scripts.
  46. J. Han, K. Koenig, L. Cui, J. Fritchman, D. Li, W. Sun, Z. Fu, and L. Bao, Experimental validation of the half-length force concept inventory, Phys. Rev. Phys. Educ. Res. 12, 020122 (2016).
  47. R. R. Hake, Interactive-engagement versus traditional methods: A six-thousand-student survey of mechanics test data for introductory physics courses, Am. J. Phys. 66, 64 (1998).
  48. J. Cohen, Statistical Power Analysis for the Behavioral Sciences, 2nd ed. (Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Hillsdale, NJ, USA, 1988).
  49. T. K. Koo and M. Y. Li, A guideline of selecting and reporting intraclass correlation coefficients for reliability research, J. Chiropractic Med. 15, 155 (2016).
  50. S. Messick, Validity of psychological assessment: Validation of inferences from persons’ responses and performances as scientific inquiry into score meaning, Am. Psychol. 50, 741 (1995).
  51. M. T. Kane, Validating the interpretations and uses of test scores, J. Educ. Measure. 50, 1 (2013).

Outline

Information

Sign In to Your Journals Account

Filter

Filter

Article Lookup

Enter a citation