- Physical Review Journals
All JournalsPhysics Magazine

Physical Review Materials

Reuse & Permissions

It is not necessary to obtain permission to reuse this article or its components as it is available under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International license. This license permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided attribution to the author(s) and the published article's title, journal citation, and DOI are maintained. Please note that some figures may have been included with permission from other third parties. It is your responsibility to obtain the proper permission from the rights holder directly for these figures.

Export citation

Export citation

Choose format for download:

Download Citation
  • Editors' Suggestion
  • Open Access

Ionic liquid dynamics in nanoporous carbon: A pore-size- and temperature-dependent neutron spectroscopy study on supercapacitor materials

Mark Busch1,*, Tommy Hofmann2, Bernhard Frick3, Jan P. Embs4, Boris Dyatkin5, and Patrick Huber1,†

  • 1Institute of Materials Physics and Technology, Hamburg University of Technology, Eißendorfer Straße 42, 21073 Hamburg, Germany
  • 2Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie, Hahn-Meitner-Platz 1, 14109 Berlin, Germany
  • 3Institut Laue-Langevin, 71 Avenue des Martyrs, 38000 Grenoble, France
  • 4Laboratory for Neutron Scattering and Imaging, Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232 Villigen, Switzerland
  • 5Department of Materials Science and Engineering, A. J. Drexel Nanomaterials Institute, Drexel University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA

  • *mark.busch@tuhh.de
  • †patrick.huber@tuhh.de
PDF

Phys. Rev. Materials 4, 055401 – Published 27 May, 2020

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevMaterials.4.055401

Abstract

The influence of spatial confinement on the thermally excited stochastic cation dynamics of the room-temperature ionic liquid 1-N-butylpyridinium bis-[(trifluoromethyl)sulfonyl]imide ([BuPy][Tf2N]) inside porous carbide-derived carbons with various pore sizes in the sub- to a few nanometer range is investigated by quasielastic neutron spectroscopy. Using the potential of fixed window scans, i.e., scanning a sample parameter, while observing solely one specific energy transfer value, an overview of the dynamic landscape within a wide temperature range is obtained. It is shown that already these data provide a quite comprehensive understanding of the confinement-induced alteration of the molecular mobility in comparison to the bulk. A complementary, more detailed analysis of full energy transfer spectra at selected temperatures reveals two translational diffusive processes on different time scales. Both are considerably slower than in the bulk liquid and show a decrease of the respective self-diffusion coefficients with decreasing nanopore size. Different thermal activation energies for molecular self-diffusion in nanoporous carbons with similar pore size indicate the importance of pore morphology on the molecular mobility, beyond the pure degree of confinement. In spite of the dynamic slowing down we can show that the temperature range of the liquid state upon nanoconfinement is remarkably extended to much lower temperatures, which is beneficial for potential technical applications of such systems.

View figure in article

Physics Subject Headings (PhySH)

Article Text

References (91)

  1. P. Simon and Y. Gogotsi, Materials for electrochemical capacitors, Nat. Mater. 7, 845 (2008).
  2. Y. Zhai, Y. Dou, D. Zhao, P. F. Fulvio, R. T. Mayes, and S. Dai, Carbon materials for chemical capacitive energy storage, Adv. Mater. 23, 4828 (2011).
  3. S. Zhang, J. Zhang, Y. Zhang, and Y. Deng, Nanoconfined ionic liquids, Chem. Rev. 117, 6755 (2017).
  4. N. C. Osti and E. Mamontov, Microscopic dynamics in room-temperature ionic liquids confined in materials for supercapacitor applications, Sustainable Energy & Fuels 4, 1554 (2020).
  5. P. Huber, ed., Soft Matter under Geometrical Confinement: From Fundamentals at Planar Surfaces and Interfaces to Functionalities of Nanoporous Materials, Soft Matter and Biomaterials on the Nanoscale, Vol. 1 (World Scientific, Singapore, 2020).
  6. M. Armand, F. Endres, D. R. MacFarlane, H. Ohno, and B. Scrosati, Ionic-liquid materials for the electrochemical challenges of the future, Nat. Mater. 8, 621 (2009).
  7. J. Vatamanu, O. Borodin, M. Olguin, G. Yushin, and D. Bedrov, Charge storage at the nanoscale: understanding the trends from the molecular scale perspective, J. Mater. Chem. A 5, 21049 (2017).
  8. M. Salanne, Ionic liquids for supercapacitor applications, Top. Curr. Chem. 375, 63 (2017).
  9. J. Cherusseri, K. S. Kumar, N. Choudhary, N. Nagaiah, Y. Jung, T. Roy, and J. Thomas, Novel mesoporous electrode materials for symmetric, asymmetric and hybrid supercapacitors, Nanotechnology 30, 202001 (2019).
  10. S. Zhang, N. Sun, X. He, X. Lu, and X. Zhang, Physical properties of ionic liquids: Database and evaluation, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data 35, 1475 (2006).
  11. A. Nazet, S. Sokolov, T. Sonnleitner, S. Friesen, and R. Buchner, Densities, refractive indices, viscosities, and conductivities of non-imidazolium ionic liquids [Et3S][TFSI], [Et2MeS][TFSI], [BuPy][TFSI], [N8881][TFA], and [P14][DCA], J. Chem. Eng. Data 62, 2549 (2017).
  12. K. S. Panesar, C. Hugon, G. Aubert, P. Judeinstein, J.-M. Zanotti, and D. Sakellariou, Measurement of self-diffusion in thin samples using a novel one-sided NMR magnet, Microporous Mesoporous Mater. 178, 79 (2013).
  13. S. M. Chathoth, E. Mamontov, S. Dai, X. Wang, P. F. Fulvio, and D. J. Wesolowski, Fast diffusion in a room temperature ionic liquid confined in mesoporous carbon, Europhys. Lett. 97, 66004 (2012).
  14. S. M. Chathoth, E. Mamontov, P. F. Fulvio, X. Wang, G. A. Baker, S. Dai, and D. J. Wesolowski, An unusual slowdown of fast diffusion in a room temperature ionic liquid confined in mesoporous carbon, Europhys. Lett. 102, 16004 (2013).
  15. V. V. Chaban and O. V. Prezhdo, Nanoscale carbon greatly enhances mobility of a highly viscous ionic liquid, ACS Nano 8, 8190 (2014).
  16. Q. Berrod, F. Ferdeghini, P. Judeinstein, N. Genevaz, R. Ramos, A. Fournier, J. Dijon, J. Ollivier, S. Rols, D. Yu et al., Enhanced ionic liquid mobility induced by confinement in 1D CNT membranes, Nanoscale 8, 7845 (2016).
  17. R. Singh, J. Monk, and F. R. Hung, A computational study of the behavior of the ionic liquid [BMIM+][PF6−] confined inside multiwalled carbon nanotubes, J. Phys. Chem. C 114, 15478 (2010).
  18. S. Li, K. S. Han, G. Feng, E. W. Hagaman, L. Vlcek, and P. T. Cummings, Dynamic and structural properties of room-temperature ionic liquids near silica and carbon surfaces, Langmuir 29, 9744 (2013).
  19. B. Dyatkin, Y. Zhang, E. Mamontov, A. I. Kolesnikov, Y. Cheng, H. M. Meyer, P. T. Cummings, and Y. Gogotsi, Influence of surface oxidation on ion dynamics and capacitance in porous and nonporous carbon electrodes, J. Phys. Chem. C 120, 8730 (2016).
  20. B. Dyatkin, N. C. Osti, Y. Zhang, H.-W. Wang, E. Mamontov, W. T. Heller, P. Zhang, G. Rother, P. T. Cummings, D. J. Wesolowski, and Y. Gogotsi, Ionic liquid structure, dynamics, and electrosorption in carbon electrodes with bimodal pores and heterogeneous surfaces, Carbon 129, 104 (2018).
  21. M. Mezger, H. Schröder, H. Reichert, S. Schramm, J. S. Okasinski, S. Schöder, V. Honkimäki, M. Deutsch, B. M. Ocko, J. Ralston, M. Rohwerder, M. Stratmann, and H. Dosch, Molecular layering of fluorinated ionic liquids at a charged sapphire (0001) surface, Science 322, 424 (2008).
  22. L. R. Griffin, K. L. Browning, S. M. Clarke, A. M. Smith, S. Perkin, M. W. A. Skoda, and S. E. Norman, Direct measurements of ionic liquid layering at a single mica-liquid interface and in nano-films between two mica-liquid interfaces, Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 19, 297 (2017).
  23. J. L. Bañuelos, G. Feng, P. F. Fulvio, S. Li, G. Rother, N. Arend, A. Faraone, S. Dai, P. T. Cummings, and D. J. Wesolowski, The influence of a hierarchical porous carbon network on the coherent dynamics of a nanoconfined room temperature ionic liquid: A neutron spin echo and atomistic simulation investigation, Carbon 78, 415 (2014).
  24. B. Dyatkin, N. C. Osti, A. Gallegos, Y. Zhang, E. Mamontov, P. T. Cummings, J. Wu, and Y. Gogotsi, Electrolyte cation length influences electrosorption and dynamics in porous carbon supercapacitors, Electrochim. Acta 283, 882 (2018).
  25. J. Comtet, A. Niguès, V. Kaiser, B. Coasne, L. Bocquet, and A. Siria, Nanoscale capillary freezing of ionic liquids confined between metallic interfaces and the role of electronic screening, Nat. Mater. 16, 634 (2017).
  26. S. Kondrat, P. Wu, R. Qiao, and A. A. Kornyshev, Accelerating charging dynamics in subnanometre pores, Nat. Mater. 13, 387 (2014).
  27. G. Feng and P. T. Cummings, Supercapacitor capacitance exhibits oscillatory behavior as a function of nanopore size, J. Phys. Chem. Lett. 2, 2859 (2011).
  28. D.-e. Jiang, Z. Jin, and J. Wu, Oscillation of capacitance inside nanopores, Nano Lett. 11, 5373 (2011).
  29. P. Wu, J. Huang, V. Meunier, B. G. Sumpter, and R. Qiao, Complex capacitance scaling in ionic liquids-filled nanopores, ACS Nano 5, 9044 (2011).
  30. H. Tokuda, S. Tsuzuki, M. A. B. H. Susan, K. Hayamizu, and M. Watanabe, How ionic are room-temperature ionic liquids? An indicator of the physicochemical properties, J. Phys. Chem. B 110, 19593 (2006).
  31. M. Kanakubo, Y. Hiejima, K. Minami, T. Aizawa, and H. Nanjo, Melting point depression of ionic liquids confined in nanospaces, Chem. Commun. 42, 1828 (2006).
  32. D. Weingarth, R. Drumm, A. Foelske-Schmitz, R. Kötz, and V. Presser, An electrochemical in situ study of freezing and thawing of ionic liquids in carbon nanopores, Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 16, 21219 (2014).
  33. V. Presser, M. Heon, and Y. Gogotsi, Carbide-derived carbons – from porous networks to nanotubes and graphene, Adv. Funct. Mater. 21, 810 (2011).
  34. B. Dyatkin and Y. Gogotsi, Effects of structural disorder and surface chemistry on electric conductivity and capacitance of porous carbon electrodes, Faraday Discuss. 172, 139 (2014).
  35. B. Dyatkin, E. Mamontov, K. M. Cook, and Y. Gogotsi, Capacitance, charge dynamics, and electrolyte-surface interactions in functionalized carbide-derived carbon electrodes, Progress Natural Science: Materials International 25, 631 (2015).
  36. A. V. Neimark, Y. Lin, P. I. Ravikovitch, and M. Thommes, Quenched solid density functional theory and pore size analysis of micro-mesoporous carbons, Carbon 47, 1617 (2009).
  37. J. P. Embs, T. Burankova, E. Reichert, and R. Hempelmann, Cation dynamics in the pyridinium based ionic liquid 1-n-butylpyridinium bis((trifluoromethyl)sulfonyl) as seen by quasielastic neutron scattering, J. Phys. Chem. B 116, 13265 (2012).
  38. J. P. Embs, T. Burankova, E. Reichert, V. Fossog, and R. Hempelmann, QENS study of diffusive and localized cation motions of pyridinium-based ionic liquids, J. Phys. Soc. Jpn. 82, SA003 (2013).
  39. T. Burankova, E. Reichert, V. Fossog, R. Hempelmann, and J. P. Embs, The dynamics of cations in pyridinium-based ionic liquids by means of quasielastic- and inelastic neutron scattering, J. Mol. Liq. 192, 199 (2014).
  40. T. Burankova, R. Hempelmann, A. Wildes, and J. P. Embs, Collective ion diffusion and localized single particle dynamics in pyridinium-based ionic liquids, J. Phys. Chem. B 118, 14452 (2014).
  41. T. Burankova, G. Simeoni, R. Hempelmann, J. F. Mora Cardozo, and J. P. Embs, Dynamic heterogeneity and flexibility of the alkyl chain in pyridinium-based ionic liquids, J. Phys. Chem. B 121, 240 (2017).
  42. M. Busch, J. P. Embs, B. Frick, T. Hofmann, and P. Huber, Dynamics of an ionic liquid confined in nanoporous carbon substrates, Institut Laue-Langevin (ILL): Grenoble, 2015; DOI:10.5291/ILL-DATA.6-02-558.
  43. B. Frick, J. Combet, and L. van Eijck, New possibilities with inelastic fixed window scans and linear motor Doppler drives on high resolution neutron backscattering spectrometers, Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res., Sect. A 669, 7 (2012).
  44. V. F. Sears, Neutron scattering lengths and cross sections, Neutron News 3, 26 (1992).
  45. R. T. Azuah, L. R. Kneller, Y. Qiu, P. L. W. Tregenna-Piggott, C. M. Brown, J. R. D. Copley, and R. M. Dimeo, DAVE: A comprehensive software suite for the reduction, visualization, and analysis of low energy neutron spectroscopic data, J. Res. Natl. Inst. Stand. Technol. 114, 341 (2009).
  46. D. Richard, M. Ferrand, and G. J. Kearley, Analysis and visualisation of neutron-scattering data, J. Neutron Res. 4, 33 (1996).
  47. A. Noda, K. Hayamizu, and M. Watanabe, Pulsed-gradient spin-echo H1 and F19 NMR ionic diffusion coefficient, viscosity, and ionic conductivity of non-chloroaluminate room-temperature ionic liquids, J. Phys. Chem. B 105, 4603 (2001).
  48. H. Tokuda, K. Ishii, M. A. B. H. Susan, S. Tsuzuki, K. Hayamizu, and M. Watanabe, Physicochemical properties and structures of room-temperature ionic liquids. 3. variation of cationic structures, J. Phys. Chem. B 110, 2833 (2006).
  49. K. Knorr, P. Huber, and D. Wallacher, Thermodynamic and structural investigations of condensates of small molecules in mesopores, Z. Phys. Chem. 222, 257 (2008).
  50. C. Schaefer, T. Hofmann, D. Wallacher, P. Huber, and K. Knorr, Melting and Freezing of Argon in a Granular Packing of Linear Mesopore Arrays, Phys. Rev. Lett. 100, 175701 (2008).
  51. P. Huber, Soft matter in hard confinement: phase transition thermodynamics, structure, texture, diffusion and flow in nanoporous media, J. Phys.: Condens. Matter 27, 103102 (2015).
  52. M. Maruyama, M. Bienfait, J. G. Dash, and G. Coddens, Interfacial melting of ice in graphite and talc powders, J. Cryst. Growth 118, 33 (1992).
  53. P. Huber and K. Knorr, Adsorption-desorption isotherms and x-ray diffraction of Ar condensed into a porous glass matrix, Phys. Rev. B 60, 12657 (1999).
  54. H. K. Christenson, Confinement effects on freezing and melting, J. Phys.: Condens. Matter 13, R95 (2001).
  55. C. Alba-Simionesco, B. Coasne, G. Dosseh, G. Dudziak, K. E. Gubbins, R. Radhakrishnan, and M. Sliwinska-Bartkowiak, Effects of confinement on freezing and melting, J. Phys.: Condens. Matter 18, R15 (2006).
  56. C. L. Jackson and G. B. McKenna, The melting behavior of organic materials confined in porous solids, J. Chem. Phys. 93, 9002 (1990).
  57. M. Bée, Quasielastic Neutron Scattering - Principles and Applications in Solid State Chemistry, Biology and Materials Science, edited by D. J. Millen (Adam Hilger, Bristol and Philadelphia, 1988).
  58. H. H. Grapengeter, B. Alefeld, and R. Kosfeld, An investigation of micro-brownian motions in polydimethylsiloxane by complementary incoherent-neutron-scattering and nuclear-magnetic-resonance experiments below room temperature, Colloid Polym. Sci. 265, 226 (1987).
  59. A. Chahid, A. Alegria, and J. Colmenero, Methyl group dynamics in poly(vinyl methyl ether). A rotation rate distribution model, Macromolecules 27, 3282 (1994).
  60. R. E. Lechner, H. J. Bleif, H. Dachs, R.. Marx, M. Stahn, and I. Anderson, Two-dimensional proton diffusion in CsH3O2, Solid State Ionics 46, 25 (1991).
  61. K. S. Singwi and A. Sjölander, Diffusive motions in water and cold neutron scattering, Phys. Rev. 119, 863 (1960).
  62. A. J. Moreno, J. Colmenero, A. Alegría, C. Alba-Simionesco, G. Dosseh, D. Morineau, and B. Frick, Methyl group dynamics in a confined glass, Eur. Phys. J. E 12, 43 (2003).
  63. B. Frick, C. Alba-Simionesco, G. Dosseh, C. Le Quellec, A. J. Moreno, J. Colmenero, A. Schönhals, R. Zorn, K. Chrissopoulou, S. H. Anastasiadis, and K. Dalnoki-Veress, Inelastic neutron scattering for investigating the dynamics of confined glass-forming liquids, J. Non-Cryst. Solids 351, 2657 (2005), proceedings of 3rd International Conference on Broadband Dielectric Spectroscopy and its Applications; Section 3. Dynamics of nano-confined systems.
  64. A. Schönhals, H. Goering, C. Schick, B. Frick, and R. Zorn, Polymers in nanoconfinement: What can be learned from relaxation and scattering experiments?, J. Non-Cryst. Solids 351, 2668 (2005), proceedings of 3rd International Conference on Broadband Dielectric Spectroscopy and its Applications.
  65. J. Monk, R. Singh, and F. R. Hung, Effects of pore size and pore loading on the properties of ionic liquids confined inside nanoporous CMK-3 carbon materials, J. Phys. Chem. C 115, 3034 (2011).
  66. J. Vatamanu, L. Cao, O. Borodin, D. Bedrov, and G. D. Smith, On the influence of surface topography on the electric double layer structure and differential capacitance of graphite/ionic liquid interfaces, J. Phys. Chem. Lett. 2, 2267 (2011).
  67. J. Seebeck, P. Schiffels, S. Schweizer, J.-R. Hill, and R. H. Meißner, Electrical double layer capacitance of curved graphite electrodes, J. Phys. Chem. C 124, 5515 (2020).
  68. J. Baumert, B. Asmussen, C. Gutt, and R. Kahn, Pore-size dependence of the self-diffusion of hexane in silica gels, J. Chem. Phys. 116, 10869 (2002).
  69. L. Liu, S.-H. Chen, A. Faraone, C.-W. Yen, C.-Y. Mou, A. I. Kolesnikov, E. Mamontov, and J. Leao, Quasielastic and inelastic neutron scattering investigation of fragile-to-strong crossover in deeply supercooled water confined in nanoporous silica matrices, J. Phys.: Condens. Matter 18, S2261 (2006).
  70. F. Ferdeghini, Q. Berrod, J.-M. Zanotti, P. Judeinstein, V. G. Sakai, O. Czakkel, P. Fouquet, and D. Constantin, Nanostructuration of ionic liquids: impact on the cation mobility. a multi-scale study, Nanoscale 9, 1901 (2017).
  71. Q. Berrod, F. Ferdeghini, J.-M. Zanotti, P. Judeinstein, D. Lairez, V. García Sakai, O. Czakkel, P. Fouquet, and D. Constantin, Ionic liquids: evidence of the viscosity scale-dependence, Sci. Rep. 7, 2241 (2017).
  72. T. Burankova, J. F. Mora Cardozo, D. Rauber, A. Wildes, and J. P. Embs, Linking structure to dynamics in protic ionic liquids: A neutron scattering study of correlated and single-particle motions, Sci. Rep. 8, 16400 (2018).
  73. A. Triolo, O. Russina, H.-J. Bleif, and E. Di Cola, Nanoscale segregation in room temperature ionic liquids, J. Phys. Chem. B 111, 4641 (2007).
  74. O. Russina, A. Triolo, L. Gontrani, and R. Caminiti, Mesoscopic structural heterogeneities in room-temperature ionic liquids, J. Phys. Chem. Lett. 3, 27 (2012).
  75. O. Russina and A. Triolo, Ionic liquids and neutron scattering, in Neutron Scattering - Applications in Biology, Chemistry, and Materials Science, Experimental Methods in the Physical Sciences, Vol. 49, edited by F. Fernandez-Alonso and D. L. Price (Academic Press, Cambridge, MA, 2017), Chap. 4, pp. 213–278.
  76. R. Futamura, T. Iiyama, Y. Takasaki, Y. Gogotsi, M. J. Biggs, M. Salanne, J. Ségalini, P. Simon, and K. Kaneko, Partial breaking of the coulombic ordering of ionic liquids confined in carbon nanopores, Nat. Mater. 16, 1225 (2017).
  77. S. Kondrat, N. Georgi, M. V. Fedorov, and A. A. Kornyshev, A superionic state in nano-porous double-layer capacitors: insights from Monte Carlo simulations, Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 13, 11359 (2011).
  78. S. Kondrat and A. Kornyshev, Superionic state in double-layer capacitors with nanoporous electrodes, J. Phys.: Condens. Matter 23, 022201 (2010).
  79. R. Singh, J. Monk, and F. R. Hung, Heterogeneity in the dynamics of the ionic liquid [BMIM+][PF6−] confined in a slit nanopore, J. Phys. Chem. C 115, 16544 (2011).
  80. Estimated to be in the range of 0.1–0.2. Estimation from the elastic scattering intensity of an empty CDC matrix in comparison to that of an ionic-liquid-filled one with the same amount of CDC, both measured at 2 K, where all neutrons are practically elastically scattered. Comparison of the calculated scattering cross sections of the empty and the ionic-liquid-filled CDC, weighted with the respective particle numbers, confirms this finding.
  81. A. Kusmin, S. Gruener, A. Henschel, O. Holderer, J. Allgaier, D. Richter, and P. Huber, Evidence of a sticky boundary layer in nanochannels: A neutron spin echo study of n-hexatriacontane and poly(ethylene oxide) confined in porous silicon, J. Phys. Chem. Lett. 1, 3116 (2010).
  82. T. Hofmann, D. Wallacher, M. Mayorova, R. Zorn, B. Frick, and P. Huber, Molecular dynamics of n-hexane: A quasi-elastic neutron scattering study on the bulk and spatially nanochannel-confined liquid, J. Chem. Phys. 136, 124505 (2012).
  83. D. Richter and M. Kruteva, Polymer dynamics under confinement, Soft Matter 15, 7316 (2019).
  84. T. Liu, F. Zhang, Y. Song, and Y. Li, Revitalizing carbon supercapacitor electrodes with hierarchical porous structures, J. Mater. Chem. A 5, 17705 (2017).
  85. X. Zheng, G. Shen, C. Wang, Y. Li, D. Dunphy, T. Hasan, C. J. Brinker, and B.-L. Su, Bio-inspired Murray materials for mass transfer and activity, Nat. Commun. 8, 14921 (2017).
  86. P. Scheidler, W. Kob, and K. Binder, Cooperative motion and growing length scales in supercooled confined liquids, Europhys. Lett. 59, 701 (2002).
  87. S. M. Mahurin, E. Mamontov, M. W. Thompson, P. Zhang, C. H. Turner, P. T. Cummings, and S. Dai, Relationship between pore size and reversible and irreversible immobilization of ionic liquid electrolytes in porous carbon under applied electric potential, Appl. Phys. Lett. 109, 143111 (2016).
  88. N. C. Osti, K. L. Van Aken, M. W. Thompson, F. Tiet, D.-e. Jiang, P. T. Cummings, Y. Gogotsi, and E. Mamontov, Solvent polarity governs ion interactions and transport in a solvated room-temperature ionic liquid, J. Phys. Chem. Lett. 8, 167 (2017).
  89. M. W. Thompson, R. Matsumoto, R. L. Sacci, N. C. Sanders, and P. T. Cummings, Scalable screening of soft matter: A case study of mixtures of ionic liquids and organic solvents, J. Phys. Chem. B 123, 1340 (2019).
  90. C. Prehal, C. Koczwara, N. Jäckel, A. Schreiber, M. Burian, H. Amenitsch, M. A. Hartmann, V. Presser, and O. Paris, Quantification of ion confinement and desolvation in nanoporous carbon supercapacitors with modelling and in situ x-ray scattering, Nat. Energy 2, 16215 (2017).
  91. C. Prehal, C. Koczwara, H. Amenitsch, V. Presser, and O. Paris, Salt concentration and charging velocity determine ion charge storage mechanism in nanoporous supercapacitors, Nat. Commun. 9, 4145 (2018).

Outline

Information

Phys. Rev. Materials 4, 055401– Published 27 May, 2020
  • Received 21 October 2019
  • Revised 8 April 2020
  • Accepted 6 May 2020
Crossmark - Check for updates button
Creative Commons Logo

Published by the American Physical Society under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International license. Further distribution of this work must maintain attribution to the author(s) and the published article's title, journal citation, and DOI.

©2020 American Physical Society

Sign In to Your Journals Account

Filter

Filter

Article Lookup

Enter a citation