• Accepted Paper

Surface-termination boundary fields and predicted hidden layer order in multicomponent MXenes

Chung Pham-Do, Trung Vu-Quoc, Hien Doan-Thi, Linh Tran-Phan-Thuy, Cuong Tran-Manh, Bich Do-Danh, Hoang Luc-Huy, and Hai Pham-Van

Phys. Rev. Materials - Accepted 22 September, 2026

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1103/65nh-s2tz

Abstract

Surface terminations in multicomponent MXenes are usually treated as chemical decorations of an averaged metal substrate, while metal-layer ordering is treated as a separate configurational problem. Here we show that this separation fails when a termination couples to the local surface–subsurface metal ensemble beneath it. We formulate a boundary-field theory in which termination identity, coverage, and coordination act as local thermodynamic fields on the outer M′ and inner M″ metal layers. Reanalysis of the Wyatt M4AlC3→M4C3Tx series [Science , 1054 (2025)] shows that the secondary-ion-mass-spectrometry (SIMS) layer-order strength collapses near seven transition metals, accompanied by a coherent termination drift in which O-rich surfaces increase along the disorder coordinate while OH- and F-rich contributions decrease. A sign-normalized Ti–Mo test further shows that the boundary-field sign depends on both termination and coordination: prismatic O favors Mo-rich outer layers, whereas octahedral O and F favor Ti-rich outer layers. Targeted Ti–Mo slab calculations reproduce this sign pattern and give an O/F switching point $f_{\rm O}^{\star}\simeq0.52$, close to the analytic sign-only prediction $f_{\rm O}^{\star}=0.50$. Independent configuration-level DFT tests give $R_{\rm fixed}^{2}=0.984$ for 20 frozen-prediction segregation energies and inverse Pearson and Spearman correlations of −0.989 and −0.992, respectively, for 20 fixed-composition registry energies. The resulting reduced model predicts termination-enhanced order, termination-induced inverse order, and compensation lines where the global layer order vanishes. In the grand-canonical extension, chemical potentials and pH-like proton activity transform these compensation lines into hidden-order regimes: the averaged order parameter is small, but termination-resolved local order remains finite. A model-generated descriptor benchmark shows that a valence electron concentration (VEC)-like average scalar fails, while the boundary-field descriptor collapses the ordering data with R2≃0.95. Within the prescribed sign structure (DFT-supported for Ti–Mo/O–F and source-guided for OH/Cl), all 105 sign-preserving hypercube samples retain the O/F compensation point, and 94.1% retain termination-resolved order above the sampled visibility threshold.

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