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Magnetic texture control in ion-implanted metamaterials

Christina Vantaraki1,*, Kristina Ignatova2, Dmitrii Moldarev1, Matías P. Grassi1, Michael Foerster3, Daniel Primetzhofer1, Unnar B. Arnalds2, and Vassilios Kapaklis1,†

  • *Contact author: christina.vantaraki@physics.uu.se
  • †Contact author: vassilios.kapaklis@physics.uu.se
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Phys. Rev. Materials 9, 084402 – Published 5 August, 2025

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1103/vq7j-w4gk

Abstract

We study experimentally the impact of the additive fabrication method on the magnetic properties of Fe+-implanted Pd square artificial spin ice lattices. Our findings show that the lattices exhibit a higher ordering temperature than their continuous film counterparts. This behavior is attributed to the additive fabrication process, which induces an inhomogeneous Fe concentration within the lattice building blocks. Moreover, the implantation process creates a magnetic depth profile, enabling temperature-dependent tunability of the magnetic thickness. These additional internal degrees of freedom broaden the design possibilities for magnetic metamaterials, allowing precise fine tuning of their static and dynamic properties to achieve complex and customizable behaviors.

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Phys. Rev. Materials 9, 084402– Published 5 August, 2025
  • Received 4 February 2025
  • Revised 16 June 2025
  • Accepted 14 July 2025
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