- Physical Review Journals
All JournalsPhysics Magazine

Physical Review Materials

Reuse & Permissions

It is not necessary to obtain permission to reuse this article or its components as it is available under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International license. This license permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided attribution to the author(s) and the published article's title, journal citation, and DOI are maintained. Please note that some figures may have been included with permission from other third parties. It is your responsibility to obtain the proper permission from the rights holder directly for these figures.

Export citation

Export citation

Choose format for download:

Download Citation
  • Editors' Suggestion
  • Letter
  • Open Access

Inducing ferroelastic domains in single-crystal CsPbBr3 perovskite nanowires using atomic force microscopy

Lucas A. B. Marçal1, Sandra Benter1, Austin Irish1, Dmitry Dzhigaev1, Eitan Oksenberg2,3, Amnon Rothman3, Ella Sanders3, Susanna Hammarberg1, Zhaojun Zhang1 et al.

Simone Sala4, Alexander Björling4, Eva Unger5,6, Anders Mikkelsen1, Ernesto Joselevich3, Rainer Timm1, and Jesper Wallentin1,*

  • 1Division of Synchrotron Radiation Research and NanoLund, Lund University, Box 118, 22100 Lund, Sweden
  • 2Center for Nanophotonics, AMOLF, 1098 XG Amsterdam, Netherlands
  • 3Department of Materials and Interfaces Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
  • 4MAX IV Laboratory, Lund University, 22100 Lund, Sweden
  • 5Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH, Young Investigator Group Hybrid Materials Formation and Scaling, Kekuléstraße 5, 12489 Berlin, Germany
  • 6Division of Chemical Physics and NanoLund, Lund University, PO Box 124, 22100 Lund, Sweden

  • *jesper.wallentin@sljus.lu.se
PDF

Phys. Rev. Materials 5, L063001 – Published 1 June, 2021

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevMaterials.5.L063001

Abstract

Ferroelectric and ferroelastic domains have been predicted to enhance metal halide perovskite (MHP) solar cell performance. While the formation of such domains can be modified by temperature, pressure, or strain, established methods lack spatial control at the level of single domains. Here, we induce the formation of ferroelastic domains in CsPbBr3 nanowires at room temperature using an atomic force microscope (AFM) tip and visualize the domains using nanofocused x-ray diffraction with a 60 nm beam. Regions scanned with a low AFM tip force show orthorhombic 004 reflections along the nanowire axis, while regions exposed to higher forces exhibit 220 reflections. The applied stress locally changes the crystal structure, leading to lattice tilts that define ferroelastic domains, which spread spatially and terminate at {112}-type domain walls. The ability to induce individual ferroelastic domains within MHPs using AFM gives new possibilities for device design and fundamental experimental studies.

View figure in article

Physics Subject Headings (PhySH)

Article Text

Supplemental Material

References (51)

  1. W. Zhang, G. E. Eperon, and H. J. Snaith, Nature Energy 1, 16048 (2016).
  2. T. A. S. Doherty et al., Nature 580, 360 (2020).
  3. A. Dobrovolsky, A. Merdasa, E. L. Unger, A. Yartsev, and I. G. Scheblykin, Nat Commun. 8, 34 (2017).
  4. A. Amat, E. Mosconi, E. Ronca, C. Quarti, P. Umari, M. K. Nazeeruddin, M. Gratzel, and F. De Angelis, Nano Lett. 14, 3608 (2014).
  5. E. Oksenberg, E. Sanders, R. Popovitz-Biro, L. Houben, and E. Joselevich, Nano Lett. 18, 424 (2018).
  6. M. V. Kovalenko, L. Protesescu, and M. I. Bodnarchuk, Science 358, 745 (2017).
  7. M. S. Kirschner, B. T. Diroll, P. Guo, S. M. Harvey, W. Helweh, N. C. Flanders, A. Brumberg, N. E. Watkins, A. A. Leonard, A. M. Evans, M. R. Wasielewski, W. R. Dichtel, X. Zhang, L. X. Chen, and R. D. Schaller, Nat Commun. 10, 504 (2019).
  8. S. Park, H. Cho, W. Choi, H. Zou, and D. Y. Jeon, Nanoscale Adv. 1, 2828 (2019).
  9. A. P. Schlaus, M. S. Spencer, K. Miyata, F. Liu, X. Wang, I. Datta, M. Lipson, A. Pan, and X. Y. Zhu, Nat. Commun. 10, 265 (2019).
  10. Y. Liu, M. Guo, S. Dong, X. Jiao, T. Wang, and D. Chen, J. Mater. Chem. C 6, 7797 (2018).
  11. Y. Nagaoka, K. Hills-Kimball, R. Tan, R. Li, Z. Wang, and O. Chen, Adv. Mater. 29, 1606666 (2017).
  12. S. Yesudhas, M. V. Morrell, M. J. Anderson, C. A. Ullrich, C. Kenney-Benson, Y. Xing, and S. Guha, Chem. Mater. 32, 785 (2019).
  13. L. Zhang, Q. Zeng, and K. Wang, J. Phys. Chem. Lett. 8, 3752 (2017).
  14. C. C. Stoumpos, C. D. Malliakas, J. A. Peters, Z. Liu, M. Sebastian, J. Im, T. C. Chasapis, A. C. Wibowo, D. Y. Chung, A. J. Freeman, B. W. Wessels, and M. G. Kanatzidis, Cryst. Growth Des. 13, 2722 (2013).
  15. E. Strelcov, Q. Dong, T. Li, J. Chae, Y. Shao, Y. Deng, A. Gruverman, J. Huang, and A. Centrone, Sci. Adv. 3, e1602165 (2017).
  16. J. M. Frost, K. T. Butler, F. Brivio, C. H. Hendon, M. van Schilfgaarde, and A. Walsh, Nano Lett. 14, 2584 (2014).
  17. R. Shi, Z. Zhang, W. H. Fang, and R. Long, Nanoscale Horiz 5, 683 (2020).
  18. H. H. Huang, Z. Hong, H. L. Xin, D. Su, L. Q. Chen, G. Huang, P. R. Munroe, and N. Valanoor, ACS Nano 10, 10126 (2016).
  19. R. J. Harrison, S. A. T. Redfern, and E. K. H. Salje, Phys. Rev. B 69, 144101 (2004).
  20. S. Choudhury, J. X. Zhang, Y. L. Li, L. Q. Chen, Q. X. Jia, and S. V. Kalinin, Appl. Phys. Lett. 93, 162901 (2008).
  21. P. Gao, J. Britson, C. T. Nelson, J. R. Jokisaari, C. Duan, M. Trassin, S. H. Baek, H. Guo, L. Li, Y. Wang, Y. H. Chu, A. M. Minor, C. B. Eom, R. Ramesh, L. Q. Chen, and X. Pan, Nat. Commun. 5, 3801 (2014).
  22. W. J. Merz, Phys. Rev. 95, 690 (1954).
  23. X. Xiao, W. Li, Y. Fang, Y. Liu, Y. Shao, S. Yang, J. Zhao, X. Dai, R. Zia, and J. Huang, Nat. Commun. 11, 2215 (2020).
  24. L. A. B. Marcal, E. Oksenberg, D. Dzhigaev, S. Hammarberg, A. Rothman, A. Bjorling, E. Unger, A. Mikkelsen, E. Joselevich, and J. Wallentin, ACS Nano 14, 15973 (2020).
  25. S. Yngman, F. Lenrick, Y.-P. Liu, Z. Ren, M. Khalilian, B. J. Ohlsson, D. Hessman, L. Samuelson, R. Timm, and A. Mikkelsen, Rev. Sci. Instrum. 90, 103703 (2019).
  26. J. Song, Y. Zhou, N. P. Padture, and B. D. Huey, Nat. Commun. 11, 3308 (2020).
  27. Y. Tian, A. Merdasa, E. Unger, M. Abdellah, K. Zheng, S. McKibbin, A. Mikkelsen, T. Pullerits, A. Yartsev, V. Sundstrom, and I. G. Scheblykin, J. Phys. Chem. Lett. 6, 4171 (2015).
  28. S. Neutzner, A. R. Srimath Kandada, G. Lanzani, and A. Petrozza, J. Mater. Chem. C 4, 4630 (2016).
  29. E. Oksenberg, A. Merdasa, L. Houben, I. Kaplan-Ashiri, A. Rothman, I. G. Scheblykin, E. L. Unger, and E. Joselevich, Nat. Commun. 11, 489 (2020).
  30. Y. Wang, X. Sun, R. Shivanna, Y. Yang, Z. Chen, Y. Guo, G. C. Wang, E. Wertz, F. Deschler, Z. Cai, H. Zhou, T. M. Lu, and J. Shi, Nano Lett. 16, 7974 (2016).
  31. J. Chen, Y. Fu, L. Samad, L. Dang, Y. Zhao, S. Shen, L. Guo, and S. Jin, Nano Lett. 17, 460 (2017).
  32. Z. Ren, F. Mastropietro, A. Davydok, S. Langlais, M. I. Richard, J. J. Furter, O. Thomas, M. Dupraz, M. Verdier, G. Beutier, P. Boesecke, and T. W. Cornelius, J. Synchrotron Radiat. 21, 1128 (2014).
  33. Z. Zhao, X. Pu, C. Han, C. Du, L. Li, C. Jiang, W. Hu, and Z. L. Wang, ACS Nano 9, 8578 (2015).
  34. S. O. Hruszkewycz, Q. Zhang, M. V. Holt, M. J. Highland, P. G. Evans, and P. H. Fuoss, Phys. Rev. A 94, 043803 (2016).
  35. S. O. Hruszkewycz, M. J. Highland, M. V. Holt, D. Kim, C. M. Folkman, C. Thompson, A. Tripathi, G. B. Stephenson, S. Hong, and P. H. Fuoss, Phys. Rev. Lett. 110, 177601 (2013).
  36. F. Bertolotti, G. Nedelcu, A. Vivani, A. Cervellino, N. Masciocchi, A. Guagliardi, and M. V. Kovalenko, ACS Nano 13, 14294 (2019).
  37. F. Bertolotti, L. Protesescu, M. V. Kovalenko, S. Yakunin, A. Cervellino, S. J. L. Billinge, M. W. Terban, J. S. Pedersen, N. Masciocchi, and A. Guagliardi, ACS Nano 11, 3819 (2017).
  38. A. Bjorling, S. Kalbfleisch, M. Kahnt, S. Sala, K. Parfeniukas, U. Vogt, G. Carbone, and U. Johansson, Opt. Express 28, 5069 (2020).
  39. J. Wallentin, D. Jacobsson, M. Osterhoff, M. T. Borgstrom, and T. Salditt, Nano Lett. 17, 4143 (2017).
  40. L. Chayanun, S. Hammarberg, H. Dierks, G. Otnes, A. Bjorling, M. T. Borgstrom, and J. Wallentin, Crystals 9, 432 (2019).
  41. L. A. B. Marçal, M. I. Richard, R. Magalhães-Paniago, F. Cavallo, M. G. Lagally, O. G. Schmidt, T. Ü. Schülli, C. Deneke, and A. Malachias, Appl. Phys. Lett. 106, 151905 (2015).
  42. See Supplemental Material at http://link.aps.org/supplemental/10.1103/PhysRevMaterials.5.L063001 for the pristine nanowire and detailed maps of nanowire A.
  43. R. B. Hetnarski, Encyclopedia of Thermal Stresses (Springer Netherlands, Dordrecht, 2014).
  44. G. Abadias, E. Chason, J. Keckes, M. Sebastiani, G. B. Thompson, E. Barthel, G. L. Doll, C. E. Murray, C. H. Stoessel, and L. Martinu, J. Vac. Sci. Tech. 36, 020801 (2018).
  45. J. L. Webb, O. Persson, K. A. Dick, C. Thelander, R. Timm, and A. Mikkelsen, Nano Res. 7, 877 (2014).
  46. X. Li, Y. Meng, R. Fan, S. Fan, C. Dang, X. Feng, J. C. Ho, and Y. Lu, Nano Res. (2021), doi: 10.1007/s12274-021-3332-0.
  47. H. T. Jeong, Y. C. Cho, C. R. Cho, and S.-Y. Jeong, J. Phys. Soc. Japan 70, 717 (2001).
  48. J. Sapriel, Phys. Rev. B 12, 5128 (1975).
  49. X. Zhang, F. Wang, B.-B. Zhang, G. Zha, and W. Jie, Cryst. Growth Des. 20, 4585 (2020).
  50. J. Wallentin, M. Osterhoff, and T. Salditt, Adv. Mater. 28, 1788 (2016).
  51. J. S. Speck, A. C. Daykin, A. Seifert, A. E. Romanov, and W. Pompe, J. Appl. Phys. 78, 1696 (1995).

Outline

Information

Phys. Rev. Materials 5, L063001– Published 1 June, 2021
  • Received 2 February 2021
  • Revised 29 March 2021
  • Accepted 28 April 2021
Crossmark - Check for updates button
Creative Commons Logo

Published by the American Physical Society under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International license. Further distribution of this work must maintain attribution to the author(s) and the published article's title, journal citation, and DOI. Funded by Bibsam.

Published by the American Physical Society

Sign In to Your Journals Account

Filter

Filter

Article Lookup

Enter a citation