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    Cs2MBiCl6 (M=Na, Ag) double perovskites: Emphanisis-driven charge carrier dynamics and piezoelectricity for their application as nanocomposites in mechanical energy harvesting

    Souvik Bhattacharjee1, Pulak Pal1,2, Suvankar Poddar3, Biplab Ghosh4,5, Kalyan Kumar Chattopadhyay3,6,*, and Aswini Ghosh1,†

    • *Contact author: kalyan_chattopadhyay@yahoo.com
    • †Contact author: sspag@iacs.res.in

    Phys. Rev. Materials 10, 065405 – Published 22 June, 2026

    DOI: https://doi.org/10.1103/94v9-ksqm

    Abstract

    Emphanisis-induced polaron relaxation mechanism and local piezoelectricity are examined in Cs2NaBiCl6 and Cs2AgBiCl6 double perovskites, wherein stereochemically active bismuth 6s2 lone pairs account for dynamic off-centering. Nonlinear thermal expansion from temperature-dependent x-ray diffraction and systematic blueshift of the Raman modes compared with harmonic predictions establish notable anharmonicity, while mean square deviation of bismuth atoms according to molecular-dynamics trajectory and Bi–Cl bond-length asymmetry in x-ray absorption fine structure directly validate emphanisis. Dielectric and ac conductivity dispersions confirm non-Debye relaxation and overlapping large-polaron tunneling mechanism, where the pronounced charge-phonon coupling rationalizes the polaron radius as a viable electrical probe of lattice dynamical disorder. Piezoresponse force microscopy confirms reversible local piezoelectricity, originating from the emphanisis-driven local symmetry breaking in these globally centrosymmetric Cs2NaBiCl6 and Cs2AgBiCl6 lattices. Embedding these perovskites into polyvinylidene fluoride promotes electroactive β-phase nucleation via localized electromechanical coupling and produces nanocomposites with enhanced piezoelectric output, strain sensitivity, and durability. First-principles calculations attribute the superior performance of Cs2NaBiCl6-based composites to stronger interfacial bonding and greater charge transfer compared with the Ag-based analog. The synergy of robust polaron dynamics, high piezoelectric coefficient, and optimized interfacial electronic structure supports the exceptional potential of Cs2NaBiCl6−PVDF nanogenerators. Our convergent experimental-theoretical approach examines emphanisis spectroscopically and establishes it as a critical alterable design principle to activate electromechanical functionality via functional fillers in otherwise nonpolar solids, and thereby enables compact, sustainable, on-chip energy harvesting.

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