- Physical Review Journals
All JournalsPhysics Magazine

Physical Review Materials

Reuse & Permissions

It is not necessary to obtain permission to reuse this article or its components as it is available under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International license. This license permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided attribution to the author(s) and the published article's title, journal citation, and DOI are maintained. Please note that some figures may have been included with permission from other third parties. It is your responsibility to obtain the proper permission from the rights holder directly for these figures.

Export citation

Export citation

Choose format for download:

Download Citation
  • Open Access

Spectroscopic investigations of multiple environments in Er:CaWO4 through charge imbalance

Fabian Becker, Catherine L. Curtin, Sudip KC, Tim Schneider, Lorenz J. J. Sauerzopf, Ibrahim Elzeiny, and Kai Müller

PDF

Phys. Rev. Materials 9, 076203 – Published 15 July, 2025

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1103/6srk-3k4n

Abstract

We present a detailed spectroscopic study of the I13/24 and I15/24Er3+ multiplets of Er:CaWO4 grown without a co-dopant. Using photoluminescence and photoluminescence excitation measurements, we find multiple environments into which erbium ions are incorporated in the crystal. For the four most prevalent environments, we provide a complete assignment of the I13/24 and I15/24 sublevel energies. Polarization-dependent absorption and emission spectroscopy allow us to identify the irreducible representations of the states and determine the dipole nature of transitions. In addition, we compare the different relaxation paths within I13/24 and I15/24 multiplets via line broadening and lifetime measurements. Finally, spectral, lifetime, and polarization measurements indicate similarities between the studied environments.

View figure in article

Physics Subject Headings (PhySH)

Article Text

References (49)

  1. D. Awschalom, K. K. Berggren, H. Bernien, S. Bhave, L. D. Carr, P. Davids, S. E. Economou, D. Englund, A. Faraon, M. Fejer, S. Guha, M. V. Gustafsson, E. Hu, L. Jiang, J. Kim, B. Korzh, P. Kumar, P. G. Kwiat, M. Lončar, M. D. Lukin, et al., PRX Quantum 2, 017002 (2021).
  2. Y. Yu, F. Ma, X.-Y. Luo, B. Jing, P.-F. Sun, R.-Z. Fang, C.-W. Yang, H. Liu, M.-Y. Zheng, X.-P. Xie, W.-J. Zhang, L.-X. You, Z. Wang, T.-Y. Chen, Q. Zhang, X.-H. Bao, and J.-W. Pan, Nature (London) 578, 240 (2020).
  3. H.-J. Briegel, W. Dür, J. I. Cirac, and P. Zoller, Phys. Rev. Lett. 81, 5932 (1998).
  4. F. Bussières, N. Sangouard, M. Afzelius, H. de Riedmatten, C. Simon, and W. Tittel, J. Mod. Opt. 60, 1519 (2013).
  5. A. I. Lvovsky, B. C. Sanders, and W. Tittel, Nat. Photon. 3, 706 (2009).
  6. T. Xie, J. Rochman, J. G. Bartholomew, A. Ruskuc, J. M. Kindem, I. Craiciu, C. W. Thiel, R. L. Cone, and A. Faraon, Phys. Rev. B 104, 054111 (2021).
  7. D. D. Awschalom, R. Hanson, J. Wrachtrup, and B. B. Zhou, Nat. Photon. 12, 516 (2018).
  8. S. Kanai, F. J. Heremans, H. Seo, G. Wolfowicz, C. P. Anderson, S. E. Sullivan, M. Onizhuk, G. Galli, D. D. Awschalom, and H. Ohno, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 119, e2121808119 (2022).
  9. A. M. Ferrenti, N. P. de Leon, J. D. Thompson, and R. J. Cava, npj Comput. Mater. 6, 126 (2020).
  10. A. Reiserer, Rev. Mod. Phys. 94, 041003 (2022).
  11. D. Lago-Rivera, S. Grandi, J. V. Rakonjac, A. Seri, and H. de Riedmatten, Nature (London) 594, 37 (2021).
  12. M. Rančić, M. P. Hedges, R. L. Ahlefeldt, and M. J. Sellars, Nat. Phys. 14, 50 (2018).
  13. M. Le Dantec, M. Rančić, S. Lin, E. Billaud, V. Ranjan, D. Flanigan, S. Bertaina, T. Chanelière, P. Goldner, A. Erb, R. B. Liu, D. Estève, D. Vion, E. Flurin, and P. Bertet, Sci. Adv. 7, eabj9786 (2021).
  14. S. Ourari, Ł. Dusanowski, S. P. Horvath, M. T. Uysal, C. M. Phenicie, P. Stevenson, M. Raha, S. Chen, R. J. Cava, N. P. de Leon, and J. D. Thompson, Nature (London) 620, 977 (2023).
  15. M. T. Uysal, Ł. Dusanowski, H. Xu, S. P. Horvath, S. Ourari, R. J. Cava, N. P. de Leon, and J. D. Thompson, Phys. Rev. X 15, 011071 (2025).
  16. M. Rančić, M. Le Dantec, S. Lin, S. Bertaina, T. Chanelière, D. Serrano, P. Goldner, R. B. Liu, E. Flurin, D. Estève, D. Vion, and P. Bertet, Phys. Rev. B 106, 144412 (2022).
  17. Z. Wang, L. Balembois, M. Rančić, E. Billaud, M. Le Dantec, A. Ferrier, P. Goldner, S. Bertaina, T. Chanelière, D. Esteve, D. Vion, P. Bertet, and E. Flurin, Nature (London) 619, 276 (2023).
  18. F. Cornacchia, A. Toncelli, M. Tonelli, E. Favilla, K. A. Subbotin, V. A. Smirnov, D. A. Lis, and E. V. Zharikov, J. Appl. Phys. 101, 123113 (2007).
  19. K. Nassau and G. M. Loiacono, J. Phys. Chem. Solids 24, 1503 (1963).
  20. B. G. Enrique, J. Chem. Phys. 55, 2538 (1971).
  21. Edited by W. M. Haynes, in CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics: A Ready-Reference Book of Chemical and Physical Data, 95th ed. (CRC Press, Boca Raton, 2014).
  22. We use S4 to denote the point group and S4 for the symmetry element.
  23. W. B. Mims, Phys. Rev. 140, A531 (1965).
  24. A. Kiel and W. B. Mims, Phys. Rev. B 1, 2935 (1970).
  25. Data retrieved from the materials project for CaWo4 (mp-19426) from database version v2023.11.1.
  26. Covalent radii according to Ref. [21]: rO=0.64Å; rCa=1.74Å; rEr=1.77Å; rW=1.50Å. Ionic radii according to Ref. [21]: rO2−,CN=2=1.21Å; rCa2+,CN=8=1.12Å; rEr3+,CN=8=1.00Å; rW6+,CN=4=0.42Å.
  27. M. N. Polyanskiy, Scientific Data 11, 94 (2024).
  28. C. G. B. Garrett and F. R. Merritt, Appl. Phys. Lett. 4, 31 (1964).
  29. W. B. Mims and R. Gillen, J. Chem. Phys. 47, 3518 (1967).
  30. R. W. Kedzie and M. Kestigian, Appl. Phys. Lett. 3, 86 (1963).
  31. U. Ranon and V. Volterra, Phys. Rev. 134, A1483 (1964).
  32. Z. Luo and Y. Huang, Physics of Solid-State Laser Materials, Springer eBook Collection (Springer Nature Singapore and Science Press, Singapore and Beijing, 2020), Vol. 289.
  33. S. Hüfner, Optical Spectra of Transparent Rare Earth Compounds (Academic Press, New York, 1978).
  34. D. E. Wortman, J. Chem. Phys. 54, 314 (1971).
  35. D. R. Mason and C. Kikuchi, Phys. Lett. A 28, 260 (1968).
  36. Edited by G. F. Koster, J. O. Dimmock, R. G. Wheeler, and H. Statz, Properties of the Thirty-Two Point Groups, 3rd ed. (M.I.T. Press, Cambridge, MA, 1969).
  37. S. Bertaina, S. Gambarelli, A. Tkachuk, I. N. Kurkin, B. Malkin, A. Stepanov, and B. Barbara, Nat. Nanotechnol. 2, 39 (2007).
  38. P. Stevenson, C. M. Phenicie, I. Gray, S. P. Horvath, S. Welinski, A. M. Ferrenti, A. Ferrier, P. Goldner, S. Das, R. Ramesh, R. J. Cava, N. P. de Leon, and J. D. Thompson, Phys. Rev. B 105, 224106 (2022).
  39. M. Fox, Quantum Optics: An Introduction, reprint ed., Oxford Master Series in Physics: Atomic, Optical, and Laser Physics, Vol. 15 (Oxford University Press, Oxford, UK, 2011).
  40. S. P. S. Porto and J. F. Scott, Phys. Rev. 157, 716 (1967).
  41. A. Gritsch, L. Weiss, J. Früh, S. Rinner, and A. Reiserer, Phys. Rev. X 12, 041009 (2022).
  42. C. Li, C. Wyon, and R. Moncorgé, IEEE J. Quantum Electron. 28, 1209 (1992).
  43. D. S. Sumida and T. Y. Fan, Opt. Lett. 19, 1343 (1994).
  44. T. Böttger, C. W. Thiel, Y. Sun, and R. L. Cone, Phys. Rev. B 74, 075107 (2006).
  45. P. de Vries and A. Lagendijk, Phys. Rev. Lett. 81, 1381 (1998).
  46. H. Bethe, Ann. Phys. (NY) 395, 133 (1929).
  47. M. S. Dresselhaus, Group Theory: Application to the Physics of Condensed Matter (Springer, Berlin, 2008).
  48. B. G. Wybourne and W. F. Meggers, Phys. Today 18, 70 (1965).
  49. C. M. Dodson and R. Zia, Phys. Rev. B 86, 125102 (2012).

Outline

Information

Phys. Rev. Materials 9, 076203– Published 15 July, 2025
  • Received 5 December 2024
  • Accepted 25 June 2025
Crossmark - Check for updates button
Creative Commons Logo

Published by the American Physical Society under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International license. Further distribution of this work must maintain attribution to the author(s) and the published article's title, journal citation, and DOI.

Published by the American Physical Society

Sign In to Your Journals Account

Filter

Filter

Article Lookup

Enter a citation