We predict that a superconductor carrying a supercurrent in a temperature gradient $\nabla T$ will develop a charge-imbalance voltage proportional to ${\overrightarrow{\mathrm{v}}}_s·\nabla T$, where ${\overrightarrow{\mathrm{v}}}_s$ is the superfluid velocity. The magnitude of the voltage is estimated.

A pair-quasiparticle potential difference arising from a quasiparticle charge imbalance has been observed in superconducting tin films along which there exist both a supercurrent, $I$, and a temperature gradient, $\nabla T$. The voltage is proportional to $I\nabla T$ at a given temperature, in agreement with the prediction of Pethick and Smith, and diverges as ${(1-\frac{T}{T_c})}^{-1\mathrm{}}$ for given values of $I$ and $\nabla T$.

We ascribe the excess noise in metals to random fluctuations with thermally activated characteristic times. From the known temperature dependence of the magnitude of the noise in Ag we infer a narrow distribution of activation energies that peaks in the vicinity of 1 eV. Frequency power laws close to $f^{-1\mathrm{}}$ are deduced and the small variations with temperature are consistent with observations. The predicted spectrum, like the observed one, has an apparent power-law nature throughout the frequency region accessible to experiment.

By letting the lattice spacing $a$ approach zero as the order $n$ of perturbation theory increases in such a way that the product $\mathrm{na}$ remains fixed, we substantially improve the numerical predictions. The approximation scheme described here is superior to conventional Padé approximation.

Under the assumption that there are no bound states, a singular linear integral equation for the scattering wave function is derived whose kernel contains the scattering amplitude only. The equation is used to obtain a representation of the potential in terms of the scattering amplitude and the wave function. The final result is a three-dimensional analog of the Marchenko equation.

In this letter a manifestly covariant quantization of electrodynamics is studied, starting from a gauge-invariant Lagrangian. In this framework, it is found that the photon can have a nonzero bare mass, while mantaining gauge invariance. It is then observed that these ideas can be used in other theories with U(1) local gauge invariance, including chiral symmetries, in order to have mass and gauge invariance without having to introduce spontaneous symmetry breaking. Local baryon symmetry is considered.

The form factors of baryons at large momentum transfer are computed in quantum chromodynamics (QCD) to leading order in ${\alpha }_s\left(Q^2\right)$ and $\frac{m^2}{Q^2}$. Asymptotically, we predict $Q^4{G_M}^p\left(Q^2\right)\to C{\left[{\alpha }_s\right(Q^2\left)\right]}^{2+\frac{4}{3\beta }}$ and $\frac{{G_M}^n}{{G_M}^p}\to -\frac{2}{3}$, where $\beta =11-\left(\frac{2}{3}\right)n_{\mathrm{flavor}}$ and $C>\mathrm{}0\mathrm{}$. Form factors for processes in which the baryon helicity is changed or in which the initial or final baryon has helicity greater than 1 are suppressed by factors of $\frac{m}{Q}$. We also give QCD predictions for general exclusive scattering processes at large momentum transfer.

It is shown that if the Lagrangian density for a gauge field is taken as an appropriate nonlinear function of the usual Lagrangian density, there results a simple classical model of confinement that has nothing to do with the non-Abelian character of the gauge group. Plane-wave solutions are suppressed, suggesting confinement of the gauge quanta as well.

We suggest that the measurement of vector-meson radiation decays $V\to P\gamma$ in the Primakoff-effect experiments on nuclei should be reanalyzed including isovector hadronic exchange. Its inclusion invalidates the assumption, made in data analyses, of $A$ independence of the strength of the strong-production amplitude and could well remove the disagreement between theory and experiment for $\Gamma (\rho \to \pi \gamma )$ and $\Gamma ({K^{*}}^0\to K^0\gamma )$.

Using Monte Carlo techniques, we study pure SU(2) gauge fields in four and five space-time dimensions and a compact SO(2) gauge field in four dimensions. Ultraviolet divergences are regulated with Wilson's lattice prescription. Both SU(2) in five dimensions and SO(2) in four dimensions show clear phase transitions between the confining regime at strong coupling and a spin-wave phase at weak coupling. No phase change is seen for the four-dimensional SU(2) theory.

Measurements of the polarization of ${\mu }^{+}$ from the decay of ${K_L}^0$ mesons gives a mean value of 0.0021 ± 0.0048 for the polarization in the direction (${\overrightarrow{\mathrm{p}}}_{\pi }\times {\overrightarrow{\mathrm{p}}}_{\mu }$) normal to the plane of decay. The ratio of the normal to the transverse polarization in the c.m. system is 0.0041 ± 0.0092 and the value of $\mathrm{Im}\xi$ is deduced to be 0.012 ± 0.026, not significantly different from $\mathrm{Im}\xi =0.008\mathrm{}$ expected if the decay were invariant under $\mathrm{CP}$ (or $T$).

Results are presented on the production of single charged particles with transverse momentum in the range of 0.8-4.5 GeV/c in ${\pi }^{\pm }p$, $K^{-}p$, and $\mathrm{pp}$ collisions at 200 GeV/c and on correlations between the trigger particle and particles with opposite azimuthal angle.

Data on inclusive jet production in the transverse-momentum ($p_{\perp }$) range 0-8 GeV/c for 200-GeV/c $p$, ${\pi }^{-}$, ${\pi }^{+}$, $K^{-}$, $K^{+}$, and $\overline{p}$ incident on a hydrogen target are presented. The jet cross section is fully corrected for losses and biases, and compared with the predictions of a model based on quantum chromodynamics. Both the absolute cross section and the inclusive charged-particle distributions inside and outside the jet are in qualitative agreement with the model.

Resonance structures are observed in the region of the isoscalar giant quadrupole resonance for the reaction ${}_{}{}^{238}{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{U}$(${}_{}{}^6{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{Li}$, ${}_{}{}^6{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{Li}_{}^{\prime }{}_{}{}^{}f$) at 150 MeV. The ratio between the fission probabilities of resonance and compound-nucleus components appears to be greater than the recently reported value from ($\alpha$,${\alpha }^{\prime }$) scattering.

Cross sections and tensor analyzing powers in $\mathrm{dp}$ elastic scattering, measured at 35 and 45 MeV, are used to determine the asymptotic $D$- to $S$-state ratio of the deuteron wave function. The results agree with the value determined at lower energies and provide a considerably more precise averaged value: ${\rho }_D=0.0263\mathrm{}\pm 0.0013$.

Photon spectra of the reaction ${}_{}{}^{11}{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{B}$($p$,$\gamma$) ${}_{}{}^{12}{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{C}$ at $E_p=40, 60, \mathrm{and} 80$ MeV are calculated assuming a direct-capture mechanism. Observed capture spectra below 25-MeV excitation energy are reproduced well. Only about half of the observed cross section at the 19.2-MeV peak is found to come from the $4^{-}$ stretched configurations. Contributions of "charge-exchange currents" are shown to be important.

The composition of He metastable beams formed by charge exchange on alkali-metal vapors is determined by a time-of-flight analysis. The relative abundance of the two components $\mathrm{He}\left(2\mathrm{}{}_{}{}^3{}_{}{}^{}S\right)$ and $\mathrm{He}\left(2\mathrm{}{}_{}{}^1{}_{}{}^{}S\right)$ is measured in the 100-1500-eV energy range. It is shown that a pure $\mathrm{He}\left(2\mathrm{}{}_{}{}^3{}_{}{}^{}S\right)$ beam is obtained with sodium as the exchange target, whereas rubidium is found to be the most efficient target to yield a $\mathrm{He}\left(2\mathrm{}{}_{}{}^1{}_{}{}^{}S\right)$ beam. Comparison is made with theoretical predictions.

A self-consistent theory of finite-${\beta }_e$ universal-mode turbulence is developed. Saturation results from resonance broadening of the electron response due to magnetic shear. Electron diffusion, for ${\beta }_e>\frac{m_e}{m_i}$, is due to the magnetic part of the fluctuations. The diffusion coefficient, $D=0.1\mathrm{} {\left[\frac{T_e}{(T_i+T_e)}\right]}^4\left(\frac{m_e}{m_i{\beta }_e}\right){\left(\frac{L_s}{L_n}\right)}^2\frac{v_i{{\rho }_i}^2}{L_n}$, scales inversely with density, is independent of magnetic field, and is in excellent quantitative agreement with observations on the Alcator tokamak.

Decay spectra during the rf heating were identified as the parametric decay into the cold lower-hybrid waves and the ion-cyclotron waves at the plasma surface. The decay instabilities absorbed some fraction of the rf power, hence they affected the plasma heating. However, they did not prevent the penetration of the lower hybrid wave to the plasma center. Drastic reduction of the decay spectra was obtained when the resonant parametric decay condition was destroyed.

Thirty-two coexistence curves were measured for films of a critical mixture of 2, 6-lutidine+water for film thicknesses $0.46 \mu \mathrm{m}<~L\lesssim 14 \mu \mathrm{m}$. For a sample of twenty-eight films with $L<\mathrm{}6\mathrm{}$ μm, the coexistence curves show a crossover from three-dimensional scaling characterized by $\beta =0.332\mathrm{}\pm 0.003$ to two-dimensional Ising-model scaling with $\beta =0\mathrm{} 0.126\pm 0.005$. The scaling requirement that a law of corresponding states exists for such films has been confirmed.