We bosonize the low energy excitations of Fermi liquids in any number of dimensions in the limit of long wavelengths. The bosons are a coherent superposition of electron-hole pairs and are related with the displacements of the Fermi surface in some arbitrary direction. A coherent-state path integral for the bosonized theory is derived and it is shown to represent histories of the shape of the Fermi surface. The Landau theory of Fermi liquids can be obtained from the formalism in the absence of nesting of the Fermi surface and singular interactions. We show that the Landau equation for sound waves is exact in the semiclassical approximation for the bosons.

We calculate the leading-order matrix element for the decay B→${\mathit{K}}^{\mathrm{*}}$γ in the quenched approximation of lattice QCD on a ${24}^3$×48 lattice at β=6.2, using an O(a)-improved fermion action. Extrapolating to physical quark masses gives an on-shell form factor of ${\mathit{T}}_1$(${\mathit{q}}^2$=0)=0.${15}_{\mathrm{-}14}^{+12\mathrm{}}$ (stat). We find ${\mathit{T}}_1$ is approximately independent of the spectator quark mass and extract ${\mathit{T}}_1$(${\mathit{q}}^2$=0)=0.${15}_{\mathrm{-}4}^{+5\mathrm{}}$ if this independence is assumed. We find the results to be consistent (in the standard model) with the CLEO experimental branching ratio of B(B→${\mathit{K}}^{\mathrm{*}}$γ)=(4.5±1.5±0.9)×${10}^{\mathrm{-}5}$.

A lattice calculation of the form factors that determine the ‘‘hadronization ratios,’’ such as ${\mathit{R}}_{\mathit{K}}^{\mathrm{*}}$ and ${\mathit{R}}_{\mathrm{\phi }}$, where ${\mathit{R}}_{\mathit{K}}^{\mathrm{*}}$≡[Γ(B→${\mathit{K}}^{\mathrm{*}}$γ)/Γ(b→sγ)], is presented in the quenched approximation. Lattice data shows strong evidence for the scaling law suggested by heavy quark symmetry for one of the form factors (i.e., ${\mathit{T}}_2$). The data also gives strong support for the simple pole ansatz for the ${\mathit{q}}^2$ dependence of ${\mathit{T}}_2$ in the range of available ${\mathit{q}}^2$. We thus find ${\mathit{T}}_2$(0)=0.10±0.01±0.03, yielding ${\mathit{R}}_{\mathit{K}}^{\mathrm{*}}$=(6.0±1.2±3.4)%; we also find ${\mathit{R}}_{\mathrm{\phi }}$=(6.6±1.3±3.7)%.

Using the CLEO II data sample, with an integrated luminosity of 1.8 ${\mathrm{fb}}^{\mathrm{-}1}$ at and near the Υ(4S) resonance, we have observed a signal for ${\mathit{D}}^0$→${\mathit{K}}^{+}$${\mathrm{\pi }}^{\mathrm{-}}$, which could be due to either ${\mathit{D}}^0$D${\mathrm{¯}}^0$ mixing or doubly Cabibbo suppressed decay, or a combination of the two. We find scrB(${\mathit{D}}^0$→${\mathit{K}}^{+}$${\mathrm{\pi }}^{\mathrm{-}}$)/scrB(${\mathit{D}}^0$→${\mathit{K}}^{\mathrm{-}}$${\mathrm{\pi }}^{+}$)=0.0077±0 .0025(stat) ±0.0025(syst).

Sub-eV Majorana neutrino masses 〈${\mathit{m}}_{\nu }$〉, can be explored by a new approach to neutrinoless double β decay using ${}_{}{}^{136}{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{Xe}$ in a Xe gas-loaded, multiton liquid scintillator installed in a very low background detector such as the Kamiokande facility. With enriched ${}_{}{}^{136}{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{Xe}$, a readily implementable, 10 ton detector experiment can establish an 〈${\mathit{m}}_{\nu }$〉=0.45 eV at 3σ in 1 yr (or exclude an 〈${\mathit{m}}_{\nu }$〉<0.23 eV in 2 yr). A 100 ton detector can extend the limit to 〈${\mathit{m}}_{\nu }$〉<0.1 eV, compared with the present limit of 〈${\mathit{m}}_{\nu }$〉<1.3 eV.

A search for new massive particles with a low charge to mass ratio in S-W collisions at a beam momentum of 200 GeV/c per nucleon is presented. Upper limits for the production of strangelets with a mass to charge ratio of up to 60 GeV/${\mathit{c}}^2$ at rigidities of ±150 GV are reported.

The transverse momentum and rapidity distributions of negative hadrons and participant protons have been measured for central ${}_{}{}^{32}{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{S}$+ ${}_{}{}^{32}{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{S}$ collisions at ${\mathit{p}}_{\mathrm{lab}}$=200 GeV/c per nucleon. The proton mean rapidity shift 〈Δy〉∼1.6 and mean transverse momentum 〈${\mathit{p}}_{\mathit{T}}$〉∼0.6 GeV/c are much higher than in pp or peripheral AA collisions and indicate an increase in the nuclear stopping power. All ${\mathit{p}}_{\mathit{T}}$ spectra exhibit similar source temperatures. Including previous results for ${\mathit{K}}_{\mathit{s}}^0$ Λ, and Λ¯, we account for all important contributions to particle production.

We have confirmed the 1974 report of the discovery of element 106 by Ghiorso et al. The 0.9-s ${}_{}{}^{263}{}_{}{}^{}106$ was produced at the Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory 88-Inch Cyclotron via the ${}_{}{}^{249}{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{Cf}$${(}^{18}$O,4n${)}^{263}$106 reaction using a beam of 95-MeV ${}_{}{}^{18}{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{O}$ ions. Positive identification of ${}_{}{}^{263}{}_{}{}^{}106$ was made by observing its α decay followed closely in time by the α decay of the ${}_{}{}^{259}{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{Rf}$ daughter. Our rotating wheel system was used in a special parent-daughter mode with six pairs of detectors. The ${}_{}{}^{263}{}_{}{}^{}106$ half-life, α-decay energy, and production cross section are consistent with those measured by Ghiorso et al. The half-life and α-decay energies of the ${}_{}{}^{259}{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{Rf}$ daughter events are also consistent with those previously published.

A discrete superdeformed rotational band has been discovered in ${}_{}{}^{144}{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{Gd}$ following the reaction ${}_{}{}^{100}{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{Mo}$${(}^{48}$Ti, 4n${)}^{144}$Gd at 221 MeV. The dynamical moment of inertia shows a sharp irregularity at ħω=0.45 MeV. The intensity of the γ-ray transitions suggests that the irregularity can be associated with a backbend, which is interpreted in terms of the N=6 proton band crossing. The experimental results are in good agreement with cranked mean field calculations, which indicate the presence of large shell gaps for both protons and neutrons.

Shell effects in nuclei close to the neutron-drip lines have been investigated. It has been demonstrated in the relativistic mean-field theory that nuclei very far from stability manifest the shell effects strongly. This behavior is in accord with the predictions of nuclear masses in the finite-range droplet model including shell corrections. The shell effects predicted in the existing Skyrme mean-field theory in comparison are significantly weaker than those of the other approaches.

Experimental results which strongly indicate an extreme decoupling of the electronic from nuclear motions in very high Rydberg states of molecules are reported. The states detected for times as long as tens of μs after excitation are neutral even when there is enough energy to both ionize and fragment the molecule. The Born-Opppenheimer separation would lead one to expect strong coupling, at least when the electron is in the core region. The present results are discussed in light of other recent experiments on high Rydberg states and in terms of observation on electron-ion scattering.

Cross sections and fragmentation mass spectra have been measured for the capture of electrons from ${\mathrm{C}}_{60}$ by slow ${\mathrm{Ar}}^{8+}$ ions. Two mechanisms are identified: For large impact parameters multiply charged ${\mathrm{C}}_{60}$ (up to 6+) ions are produced, while for smaller impact parameters the ${\mathrm{C}}_{60}$ is broken into smaller fragment ions. The absolute cross sections are consistent with an over-barrier picture for long range capture, while the destruction cross sections are found to be somewhat larger than the geometrical ${\mathrm{C}}_{60}$ cross section.

We have made the first measurements of total cross sections (${\mathrm{Q}}_{\mathit{T}}$) for 5 to 302 eV positrons (${\mathit{e}}^{+}$) and 31 to 302 eV electrons (${\mathit{e}}^{\mathrm{-}}$) scattered by atomic hydrogen. A beam transmission technique is used where the ${\mathit{e}}^{+}$ or ${\mathit{e}}^{\mathrm{-}}$ beam passes through a low temperature scattering cell containing a mixture of hydrogen atoms and molecules generated in an adjacent radio-frequency discharge region. We obtain absolute ${\mathrm{Q}}_{\mathit{T}}$ by using the factor required to normalize our present relative ${\mathit{e}}^{+\mathrm{-}}$${\mathrm{H}}_2$ ${\mathrm{Q}}_{\mathit{T}}$ measurements to our prior absolute results. The present ${\mathit{e}}^{+}$- and ${\mathit{e}}^{\mathrm{-}}$-H ${\mathrm{Q}}_{\mathit{T}}$ are found to be merged within about 5% between 31 and 302 eV.

We obtain a large class of multiphoton annihilation operator (F) eigenstates by constructing an operator ${\mathit{G}}^{\mathrm{°}}$ such that [F,${\mathit{G}}^{\mathrm{°}}$]=1. We show that almost all known coherent states, including the squeezed states and other nonclassical states such as the cat and the kitten states follow from our approach. Further, we show that all of them can be expressed as an exponential operator acting on the vacuum of the operator F. The technique can be easily generalized to deformed bosons.

We show that a pair of chaotic systems subjected to the same noise may undergo a transition at large enough noise amplitude and follow almost identical trajectories with complete insensitivity to initial conditions. An analytic argument is presented to show that a pair of generic systems in the same potential evolving to equilibrium through standard Langevin dynamics with the same noise collapse into the same trajectory at long times.

We present a new method that allows one to stabilize chaotic systems by applying proportional pulses to the system variables. The method does not require any previous knowledge of the system dynamics. Acting on the system variables may be most useful for chemical and biological systems, situations for which in some cases it may be difficult to find an accessible system parameter.

A video-feedback control experiment which successfully suppresses chaotic temporal fluctuations of thermal patterns on a catalytic wafer is reported. A Karhunen-Loeve scheme is used to identify the dominant spatial structures from video imaging and estimate the low-dimensional temporal dynamics. The projected dynamics shows that the spatiotemporal chaos is due to an intermittent chaotic attractor near a homoclinic orbit. The control strategy is then simply to stabilize the hyperbolic fixed point attached to the homoclinic orbit with a local modal feedback control.

The general properties of quantum transport fluctuations associated with classical chaotic diffusion are analyzed in the framework of chaotic scattering on a simple dynamical model exhibiting universal transmission fluctuations. Quasiclassical approximations for S-matrix correlations are found, and a connection between correlation width and average conductance is demonstrated on numerical data.

Ultrafast NMR imaging was used to clarify spatiotemporal structures of wavy Taylor-Couette flow. NMR images designed to give a radial velocity distribution in a cross-sectional plane containing the rotation axis were successively taken at 200 ms time intervals. Distributions of velocity power-spectral components were obtained by temporal Fourier transform of the sequential velocity images. The obtained spectral maps clearly visualized the spatial structures of the wavy components in the cross-sectional plane.

We report experimental investigation and theoretical interpretation of the formation of sprial waves in a nematic liquid crystal subjected to a rotating magnetic field and a high frequency electrical field.