We argue that under a set of simple assumptions the multiverse leads to low-energy supersymmetry with the spectrum often called spread or minisplit supersymmetry: the gauginos are in the TeV region with the other superpartners 2 or 3 orders of magnitude heavier. We present a particularly simple realization of supersymmetric grand unified theory using this idea.

We report experimental measurements of heat transport in rotating Rayleigh-Bénard convection in a cylindrical convection cell with an aspect ratio of $\mathrm{\Gamma }=1/2$. The fluid is helium gas with a Prandtl number $\mathrm{Pr}=0.7$. The range of control parameters for Rayleigh numbers $4\times {10}^9<\text{Ra}<4\times {10}^{11}$ and for Ekman numbers $2\times {10}^{-7}<\text{Ek}<3\times {10}^{-5}$ (corresponding to Taylor numbers $4\times {10}^9<\mathrm{Ta}<1\times {10}^{14}$ and convective Rossby numbers $0.07<\text{Ro}<5$). We determine the transition from weakly rotating turbulent convection to rotation dominated geostrophic convection through experimental measurements of the heat transport Nu. The heat transport, best collapsed using a parameter ${\mathrm{RaEk}}^{\beta }$ with $1.65<\beta <1.8$, defines two boundaries in the phase diagram of ${\text{Ra}/\text{Ra}}_c$ versus Ek and elucidates properties of the geostrophic turbulence regime of rotating thermal convection. We find $\mathrm{Nu}\sim {(\text{Ra}/{\text{Ra}}_c)}^{\gamma }$ with $\gamma \approx 1$ from direct measurement and $1.2<\gamma <1.6$ inferred from scaling arguments.

A possible mechanism of edge localized modes (ELMs) mitigation by resonant magnetic perturbations (RMPs) is proposed based on the results of nonlinear resistive magnetohydrodynamic modeling using the jorek code, realistic JET-like plasma parameters and an RMP spectrum of JET error-field correction coils (EFCC) with a main toroidal number $n=2$ were used in the simulations. Without RMPs, a large ELM relaxation is obtained mainly due to the most unstable medium-$n$ ballooning mode. The externally imposed RMP drives nonlinearly the modes coupled to $n=2$ RMP which produce small multimode relaxations, mitigated ELMs. The modes driven by RMPs exhibit a tearinglike structure and produce additional islands. Mitigated ELMs deposit energy into the divertor mainly in the structures (“footprints”) created by $n=2$ RMPs, however, slightly modulated by other nonlinearly driven even harmonics. The divertor power flux during a ELM phase mitigated by RMPs is reduced almost by a factor of 10. The mechanism of ELM mitigation by RMPs proposed here reproduces generic features of high collisionality RMP experiments, where large ELMs are replaced by small, much more frequent ELMs or magnetic turbulence. Total ELM suppression was also demonstrated in modeling at higher RMP amplitude.

We show that the single-particle spectral properties of gapless one-dimensional Fermi systems in the Luttinger liquid state reached at intermediate times after an abrupt quench of the two-particle interaction are highly indicative of the unusual nonequilibrium nature of this state. The line shapes of the momentum-integrated and -resolved spectral functions strongly differ from their ground state as well as finite temperature equilibrium counterparts. Using an energy resolution improved version of radio-frequency spectroscopy of quasi-one-dimensional cold Fermi gases, it should be possible to experimentally identify this nonequilibrium state by its pronounced spectral signatures.

Quasiholes in certain fractional quantum Hall states are promising candidates for the experimental realization of non-Abelian anyons. They are assumed to be localized excitations, and to display non-Abelian statistics when sufficiently separated, but these properties have not been explicitly demonstrated except for the Moore-Read state. In this work, we apply the newly developed matrix product state technique to examine these exotic excitations. For the Moore-Read and the ${\mathbb{Z}}_3$ Read-Rezayi states, we estimate the quasihole radii, and determine the correlation lengths associated with the exponential convergence of the braiding statistics. We provide the first microscopic verification for the Fibonacci nature of the ${\mathbb{Z}}_3$ Read-Rezayi quasiholes. We also present evidence for the failure of plasma screening in the nonunitary Gaffnian wave function.

We present new magnetic heat capacity and neutron scattering results for two magnetically frustrated molybdate pyrochlores: $S=1$ oxide ${\mathrm{Lu}}_2{\mathrm{Mo}}_2{\mathrm{O}}_7$ and $S=\frac{1}{2}$ oxynitride ${\mathrm{Lu}}_2{\mathrm{Mo}}_2{\mathrm{O}}_5{\mathrm{N}}_2$. ${\mathrm{Lu}}_2{\mathrm{Mo}}_2{\mathrm{O}}_7$ undergoes a transition to an unconventional spin glass ground state at $T_f\sim 16\mathrm{K}$. However, the preparation of the corresponding oxynitride tunes the nature of the ground state from spin glass to quantum spin liquid. The comparison of the static and dynamic spin correlations within the oxide and oxynitride phases presented here reveals the crucial role played by quantum fluctuations in the selection of a ground state. Furthermore, we estimate an upper limit for a gap in the spin excitation spectrum of the quantum spin liquid state of the oxynitride of $\mathrm{\Delta }\sim 0.05\mathrm{meV}$ or $\mathrm{\Delta }/|\theta |\sim 0.004$, in units of its antiferromagnetic Weiss constant $\theta \sim -121\mathrm{K}$.

We pose a randomized boson-sampling problem. Strong evidence exists that such a problem becomes intractable on a classical computer as a function of the number of bosons. We describe a quantum optical processor that can solve this problem efficiently based on a Gaussian input state, a linear optical network, and nonadaptive photon counting measurements. All the elements required to build such a processor currently exist. The demonstration of such a device would provide empirical evidence that quantum computers can, indeed, outperform classical computers and could lead to applications.

We prove exactly that the squared entanglement of formation, which quantifies the bipartite entanglement, obeys a general monogamy inequality in an arbitrary multiqubit mixed state. Based on this kind of exotic monogamy relation, we are able to construct two sets of useful entanglement indicators: the first one can detect all genuine multiqubit entangled states even in the case of the two-qubit concurrence and $n$-tangles being zero, while the second one can be calculated via quantum discord and applied to multipartite entanglement dynamics. Moreover, we give a computable and nontrivial lower bound for multiqubit entanglement of formation.

We investigate the new soft graviton theorem recently proposed by Cachazo and Strominger. We use the Cachazo-He-Yuan formula to prove a universal behavior for both Yang-Mills theory and gravity scattering amplitudes at the tree level in arbitrary dimension.

The exact four-body equations of Alt, Grassberger, and Sandhas are solved for neutron-${}^3\mathrm{He}$ and proton-${}^3\mathrm{H}$ scattering in the energy regime above the four-nucleon breakup threshold. Cross sections and spin observables for elastic, transfer, charge-exchange, and breakup reactions are calculated using realistic nucleon-nucleon interaction models, including the one with effective many-nucleon forces due to explicit $\mathrm{\Delta }$-isobar excitation. The experimental data are described reasonably well with only few exceptions such as vector analyzing powers.

Recent measurements in paramagnetic molecules improved the limit on the electron electric dipole moment (EDM) by an order of magnitude. Time-reversal ($T$) and parity ($P$) symmetry violation in molecules may also come from their nuclei. We point out that nuclear $T$, $P$-odd effects are amplified in paramagnetic molecules containing deformed nuclei, where the primary effects arise from the $T$, $P$-odd nuclear magnetic quadrupole moment (MQM). We perform calculations of $T$, $P$-odd effects in the molecules TaN, ThO, ${\mathrm{ThF}}^{+}$, ${\mathrm{HfF}}^{+}$, YbF, HgF, and BaF induced by MQMs. We compare our results with those for the diamagnetic TlF molecule, where the $T$, $P$-odd effects are produced by the nuclear Schiff moment. We argue that measurements in molecules with MQMs may provide improved limits on the strength of $T$, $P$-odd nuclear forces, on the proton, neutron, and quark EDMs, on quark chromo-EDMs, and on the QCD $\theta$ term and $CP$-violating quark interactions.

The 3D photoelectron momentum distributions created by the strong-field ionization of argon atoms and naphthalene molecules with intense, large ellipticity ($\sim 0.7$) femtosecond laser pulses are studied. The experiment reveals the presence of low-energy electrons for randomly oriented naphthalene, but not for argon. Our theory shows that the induced dipole part of the cationic potential facilitates the creation of the low-energy electrons. We establish the conditions in terms of laser pulse parameters and molecular properties for which this type of low-energy electrons can be observed and point to applications thereof.

We address the puzzling weak-coupling perturbative behavior of graphene interaction effects as manifested experimentally, in spite of the effective fine structure constant being large, by calculating the effect of Coulomb interactions on the quasiparticle properties to next-to-leading order in the random phase approximation (RPA). The focus of our work is graphene suspended in vacuum, where electron-electron interactions are strong and the system is manifestly in a nonperturbative regime. We report results for the quasiparticle residue and the Fermi velocity renormalization at low carrier density. The smallness of the next-to-leading order corrections that we obtain demonstrates that the RPA theory converges rapidly and thus, in contrast to the usual perturbative expansion in the bare coupling constant, constitutes a quantitatively predictive theory of graphene many-body physics for any coupling strength.

Grain refinement through severe plastic deformation enables synthesis of ultrahigh-strength nanostructured materials. Two challenges exist in that context: First, deformation-driven grain refinement is limited by dynamic dislocation recovery and crystal coarsening due to capillary driving forces; second, grain boundary sliding and hence softening occur when the grain size approaches several nanometers. Here, both challenges have been overcome by severe drawing of a pearlitic steel wire (pearlite: lamellar structure of alternating iron and iron carbide layers). First, at large strains the carbide phase dissolves via mechanical alloying, rendering the initially two-phase pearlite structure into a carbon-supersaturated iron phase. This carbon-rich iron phase evolves into a columnar nanoscaled subgrain structure which topologically prevents grain boundary sliding. Second, Gibbs segregation of the supersaturated carbon to the iron subgrain boundaries reduces their interface energy, hence reducing the driving force for dynamic recovery and crystal coarsening. Thus, a stable cross-sectional subgrain size $<10\mathrm{nm}$ is achieved. These two effects lead to a stable columnar nanosized grain structure that impedes dislocation motion and enables an extreme tensile strength of 7 GPa, making this alloy the strongest ductile bulk material known.

Finding a clear signature of topological superconductivity in transport experiments remains an outstanding challenge. In this work, we propose exploiting the unique properties of three-dimensional topological insulator nanowires to generate a normal-superconductor junction in the single-mode regime where an exactly quantized $2e^2/h$ zero-bias conductance can be observed over a wide range of realistic system parameters. This is achieved by inducing superconductivity in half of the wire, which can be tuned at will from trivial to topological with a parallel magnetic field, while a perpendicular field is used to gap out the normal part, except for two spatially separated chiral channels. The combination of chiral mode transport and perfect Andreev reflection makes the measurement robust to moderate disorder, and the quantization of conductance survives to much higher temperatures than in tunnel junction experiments. Our proposal may be understood as a variant of a Majorana interferometer which is easily realizable in experiments.

Normal diffusion in corrugated potentials with spatially uncorrelated Gaussian energy disorder famously explains the origin of non-Arrhenius $\exp [-{\sigma }^2/(k_B{T}^2)]$ temperature dependence in disordered systems. Here we show that unbiased diffusion remains asymptotically normal also in the presence of spatial correlations decaying to zero. However, because of a temporal lack of self-averaging, transient subdiffusion emerges on the mesoscale, and it can readily reach macroscale even for moderately strong disorder fluctuations of $\sigma \sim 4-5k_{B}T$. Because of its nonergodic origin, such subdiffusion exhibits a large scatter in single-trajectory averages. However, at odds with intuition, it occurs essentially faster than one expects from the normal diffusion in the absence of correlations. We apply these results to diffusion of regulatory proteins on DNA molecules and predict that such diffusion should be anomalous, but much faster than earlier expected on a typical length of genes for a realistic energy disorder of several room $k_{B}T$, or merely $0.05–0.075\mathrm{eV}$.

Three-dimensional self-gravitating systems do not evolve to thermodynamic equilibrium but become trapped in nonequilibrium quasistationary states. In this Letter, we present a theory which allows us to a priori predict the particle distribution in a final quasistationary state to which a self-gravitating system will evolve from an initial condition which is isotropic in particle velocities and satisfies a virial constraint $2K=-U$, where $K$ is the total kinetic energy, and $U$ is the potential energy of the system.

Landauer’s principle states that it costs at least $k_{B}T\ln 2$ of work to reset one bit in the presence of a heat bath at temperature $T$. The bound of $k_{B}T\ln 2$ is achieved in the unphysical infinite-time limit. Here we ask what is possible if one is restricted to finite-time protocols. We prove analytically that it is possible to reset a bit with a work cost close to $k_{B}T\ln 2$ in a finite time. We construct an explicit protocol that achieves this, which involves thermalizing and changing the system’s Hamiltonian so as to avoid quantum coherences. Using concepts and techniques pertaining to single-shot statistical mechanics, we furthermore prove that the heat dissipated is exponentially close to the minimal amount possible not just on average, but guaranteed with high confidence in every run. Moreover, we exploit the protocol to design a quantum heat engine that works near the Carnot efficiency in finite time.