Although the elastic modulus of a Gaussian chain network is thought to be successfully described by classical theories of rubber elasticity, such as the affine and phantom models, verification experiments are largely lacking owing to difficulties in precisely controlling of the network structure. We prepared well-defined model polymer networks experimentally, and measured the elastic modulus $G$ for a broad range of polymer concentrations and connectivity probabilities, $p$. In our experiment, we observed two features that were distinct from those predicted by classical theories. First, we observed the critical behavior $G\sim |p-p_c{|}^{1.95}$ near the sol-gel transition. This scaling law is different from the prediction of classical theories, but can be explained by analogy between the electric conductivity of resistor networks and the elasticity of polymer networks. Here, $p_c$ is the sol-gel transition point. Furthermore, we found that the experimental $G-p$ relations in the region above $C^{*}$ did not follow the affine or phantom theories. Instead, all the $G/G_0-p$ curves fell onto a single master curve when $G$ was normalized by the elastic modulus at $p=1$, $G_0$. We show that the effective medium approximation for Gaussian chain networks explains this master curve.

The “kill the winner” hypothesis is an attempt to address the problem of diversity in biology. It argues that host-specific predators control the population of each prey, preventing a winner from emerging and thus maintaining the coexistence of all species in the system. We develop a stochastic model for the kill the winner paradigm and show that the stable coexistence state of the deterministic kill the winner model is destroyed by demographic stochasticity, through a cascade of extinction events. We formulate an individual-level stochastic model in which predator-prey coevolution promotes the high diversity of the ecosystem by generating a persistent population flux of species.

Experiments measuring DNA extension in nanochannels are at odds with even the most basic predictions of current scaling arguments for the conformations of confined semiflexible polymers such as DNA. We show that a theory based on a weakly self-avoiding, one-dimensional “telegraph” process collapses experimental data and simulation results onto a single master curve throughout the experimentally relevant region of parameter space and explains the mechanisms at play.

In the presence of sufficiently strong disorder or quasiperiodic fields, an interacting many-body system can fail to thermalize and become many-body localized. The associated transition is of particular interest, since it occurs not only in the ground state but over an extended range of energy densities. So far, theoretical studies of the transition have focused mainly on the case of true-random disorder. In this work, we experimentally and numerically investigate the regime close to the many-body localization transition in quasiperiodic systems. We find slow relaxation of the density imbalance close to the transition, strikingly similar to the behavior near the transition in true-random systems. This dynamics is found to continuously slow down upon approaching the transition and allows for an estimate of the transition point. We discuss possible microscopic origins of these slow dynamics.

We identify peak and valley structures in the exact exchange-correlation potential of time-dependent density functional theory that are crucial for time-resolved electron scattering in a model one-dimensional system. These structures are completely missed by adiabatic approximations that, consequently, significantly underestimate the scattering probability. A recently proposed nonadiabatic approximation is shown to correctly capture the approach of the electron to the target when the initial Kohn-Sham state is chosen judiciously, and it is more accurate than standard adiabatic functionals but ultimately fails to accurately capture reflection. These results may explain the underestimation of scattering probabilities in some recent studies on molecules and surfaces.

Plastically deforming crystals exhibit scale-free fluctuations that are similar to those observed in driven disordered elastic systems close to depinning, but the nature of the yielding critical point is still debated. Here, we study the marginal stability of ensembles of dislocations and compute their excitation spectrum in two and three dimensions. Our results show the presence of a singularity in the distribution of excitation stresses, i.e., the stress needed to make a localized region unstable, that is remarkably similar to the one measured in amorphous plasticity and spin glasses. These results allow us to understand recent observations of extended criticality in bursty crystal plasticity and explain how they originate from the presence of a pseudogap in the excitation spectrum.

We study sound in Galilean invariant systems of one-dimensional fermions. At low temperatures, we find a broad range of frequencies in which in addition to the waves of density there is a second sound corresponding to the ballistic propagation of heat in the system. The damping of the second sound mode is weak, provided the frequency is large compared to a relaxation rate that is exponentially small at low temperatures. At lower frequencies, the second sound mode is damped, and the propagation of heat is diffusive.

The physics of doped Mott insulators is at the heart of some of the most exotic physical phenomena in materials research including insulator-metal transitions, colossal magnetoresistance, and high-temperature superconductivity in layered perovskite compounds. Advances in this field would greatly benefit from the availability of new material systems with a similar richness of physical phenomena but with fewer chemical and structural complications in comparison to oxides. Using scanning tunneling microscopy and spectroscopy, we show that such a system can be realized on a silicon platform. The adsorption of one-third monolayer of Sn atoms on a Si(111) surface produces a triangular surface lattice with half filled dangling bond orbitals. Modulation hole doping of these dangling bonds unveils clear hallmarks of Mott physics, such as spectral weight transfer and the formation of quasiparticle states at the Fermi level, well-defined Fermi contour segments, and a sharp singularity in the density of states. These observations are remarkably similar to those made in complex oxide materials, including high-temperature superconductors, but highly extraordinary within the realm of conventional $sp$-bonded semiconductor materials. It suggests that exotic quantum matter phases can be realized and engineered on silicon-based materials platforms.

Liquid helium and spin-$1/2$ cold-atom Fermi gases both exhibit in their superfluid phase two distinct types of excitations, gapless phonons and gapped rotons or fermionic pair-breaking excitations. In the long wavelength limit, revising and extending the theory of Landau and Khalatnikov initially developed for helium [Zh. Exp. Teor. Fiz. 19, 637 (1949)], we obtain universal expressions for three- and four-body couplings among these two types of excitations. We calculate the corresponding phonon damping rates at low temperature and compare them to those of a pure phononic origin in high-pressure liquid helium and in strongly interacting Fermi gases, paving the way to experimental observations.

In low-temperature metallic magnets, ferromagnetic (FM) and antiferromagnetic (AFM) orders can exist, adjacent to one another or concurrently, in the phase diagram of a single system. We show that universal quantum effects qualitatively alter the known phase diagrams for classical magnets. They shrink the region of concurrent FM and AFM order, change various transitions from second to first order, and, in the presence of a magnetic field, lead to either a quantum triple point where the FM, AFM, and paramagnetic phases all coexist or a quantum critical end point.

We develop a new first-principles approach to predict and understand rates of singlet fission with an ab initio Green’s-function formalism based on many-body perturbation theory. Starting with singlet and triplet excitons computed from a $GW$ plus Bethe-Salpeter equation approach, we calculate the exciton-biexciton coupling to lowest order in the Coulomb interaction, assuming a final state consisting of two noninteracting spin-correlated triplets with finite center-of-mass momentum. For crystalline pentacene, symmetries dictate that the only purely Coulombic fission decay process from a bright singlet state requires a final state consisting of two inequivalent nearly degenerate triplets of nonzero, equal and opposite, center-of-mass momenta. For such a process, we predict a singlet lifetime of 30–70 fs, in very good agreement with experimental data, indicating that this process can dominate singlet fission in crystalline pentacene. Our approach is general and provides a framework for predicting and understanding multiexciton interactions in solids.

We study the dynamics of an initially degenerate homogeneous Bose gas after an interaction quench to the unitary regime at a magnetic Feshbach resonance. As the cloud decays and heats, it exhibits a crossover from degenerate- to thermal-gas behavior, both of which are characterized by universal scaling laws linking the particle-loss rate to the total atom number $N$. In the degenerate and thermal regimes, the per-particle loss rate is $\propto N^{2/3}$ and $N^{26/9}$, respectively. The crossover occurs at a universal kinetic energy per particle and at a universal time after the quench, in units of energy and time set by the gas density. By slowly sweeping the magnetic field away from the resonance and creating a mixture of atoms and molecules, we also map out the dynamics of correlations in the unitary gas, which display a universal temporal scaling with the gas density, and reach a steady state while the gas is still degenerate.

In analogy to spontaneous breaking of continuous space translation symmetry in the process of space crystal formation, it was proposed that spontaneous breaking of continuous time translation symmetry could lead to time crystal formation. In other words, a time-independent system prepared in the energy ground state is expected to reveal periodic motion under infinitely weak perturbation. In the case of the system proposed originally by Wilczek, spontaneous breaking of time translation symmetry cannot be observed if one starts with the ground state. We point out that the symmetry breaking can take place if the system is prepared in an excited eigenstate. The latter can be realized experimentally in ultracold atomic gases. We simulate the process of the spontaneous symmetry breaking due to measurements of particle positions and analyze the lifetime of the resulting symmetry broken state.

Gravitational models of self-tuning are those in which vacuum energy has no observable effect on spacetime curvature, even though it is a priori unsuppressed below the cutoff. We complement Weinberg’s no-go theorem by studying field-theoretic completions of self-adjustment allowing for broken translations as well as other generalizations, and identify new obstructions. Our analysis uses a very general Källén-Lehmann spectral representation of the exchange amplitude for conserved sources of energy-momentum and exploits unitarity and Lorentz invariance to show that a transition from self-tuning of long wavelength sources to near general relativity (GR) on shorter scales is generically not possible. We search for novel ways around our obstructions and highlight two interesting possibilities. The first is an example of a unitary field configuration on anti–de Sitter space with the desired transition from self-tuning to GR. A second example is motivated by vacuum energy sequestering.

We point out that the $CP$ asymmetries in the decays $D^0\to K_S{K}^{*0}$ and $D^0\to K_S{\overline{K}}^{*0}$ are potential discovery channels for charm $CP$ violation in the standard model. We stress that no flavor tagging is necessary, the untagged $CP$ asymmetry $a_{CP}^{\mathrm{dir}}(\stackrel{(-)}{D}\to K_S{K}^{*0})$ is essentially equal to the tagged one, so that the untagged measurement comes with a significant statistical gain. Depending on the relevant strong phase, $|a_{CP}^{\mathrm{dir},\mathrm{untag}}|$ can be as large as 0.003. The $CP$ asymmetry is dominantly generated by exchange diagrams and does not require nonvanishing penguin amplitudes. While the $CP$ asymmetry is smaller than in the case of $D^0\to K_S{K}_S$, the experimental analysis is more efficient due to the prompt decay $K^{*0}\to K^{+}{\pi }^{-}$. One may further search for favorable strong phases in the Dalitz plot in the vicinity of the $K^{*0}$ peak.

We propose using the frequency-domain bootstrap (FDB) to estimate errors of modeling parameters when the modeling error is itself a major source of uncertainty. Unlike the usual bootstrap or the simple ${\chi }^2$ analysis, the FDB can take into account correlations between errors. It is also very fast compared to the Gaussian process Bayesian estimate as often implemented for computer model calibration. The method is illustrated with a simple example, the liquid drop model of nuclear binding energies. We find that the FDB gives a more conservative estimate of the uncertainty in liquid drop parameters than the ${\chi }^2$ method, and is in fair accord with more empirical estimates. For the nuclear physics application, there are no apparent obstacles to apply the method to the more accurate and detailed models based on density-functional theory.

Tin-vacancy ($\mathrm{Sn}\text{−}V$) color centers were created in diamond via ion implantation and subsequent high-temperature annealing up to $2100°\mathrm{C}$ at 7.7 GPa. The first-principles calculation suggested that a large atom of tin can be incorporated into a diamond lattice with a split-vacancy configuration, in which a tin atom sits on an interstitial site with two neighboring vacancies. The $\mathrm{Sn}\text{−}V$ center showed a sharp zero phonon line at 619 nm at room temperature. This line split into four peaks at cryogenic temperatures, with a larger ground state splitting ($\sim 850\mathrm{GHz}$) than that of color centers based on other group-IV elements, i.e., silicon-vacancy ($\mathrm{Si}\text{−}V$) and germanium-vacancy ($\mathrm{Ge}\text{−}V$) centers. The excited state lifetime was estimated, via Hanbury Brown–Twiss interferometry measurements on single $\mathrm{Sn}\text{−}V$ quantum emitters, to be $\sim 5\mathrm{ns}$. The order of the experimentally obtained optical transition energies, compared with those of $\mathrm{Si}\text{−}V$ and $\mathrm{Ge}\text{−}V$ centers, was in good agreement with the theoretical calculations.