- Open Access
Pion Decay and beyond Leading Logarithms
Phys. Rev. Lett. 137, 051902 – Published 30 July, 2026
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1103/rg2q-m515
Abstract
The consistent matching of short-distance contributions and hadronic matrix elements is crucial for precise predictions of weak processes involving hadrons. In this Letter, we address this point for charged-current processes involving two pions—pion decay and hadronic decays —whose decay rates depend on the so-called box correction. Using recent results from lattice QCD, we show how to formulate the matching beyond leading-logarithmic accuracy, in particular, how to cancel the dependence on the scheme choice for evanescent operators. As main results, we obtain a prediction for the decay rate of pion decay with theory uncertainties improved by a factor of 3, which renders theory uncertainties negligible for future determinations of even beyond the reach of the PIONEER experiment, and an evaluation of isospin-breaking corrections to with negligible uncertainty from the short-distance matching, as necessary for a future -based determination of the hadronic-vacuum-polarization contribution to the anomalous magnetic moment of the muon.
Physics Subject Headings (PhySH)
Article Text
Supplemental Material
References (144)
- N. Cabibbo, Phys. Rev. Lett. 10, 531 (1963).
- M. Kobayashi and T. Maskawa, Prog. Theor. Phys. 49, 652 (1973).
- J. C. Hardy and I. S. Towner, Phys. Rev. C 102, 045501 (2020).
- T. Kinoshita and A. Sirlin, Phys. Rev. 113, 1652 (1959).
- A. Sirlin, Phys. Rev. Lett. 19, 877 (1967).
- A. Sirlin, Phys. Rev. 164, 1767 (1967).
- E. S. Abers, D. A. Dicus, R. E. Norton, and H. R. Quinn, Phys. Rev. 167, 1461 (1968).
- W. Jaus and G. Rasche, Nucl. Phys. A143, 202 (1970).
- A. Sirlin, Rev. Mod. Phys. 50, 573 (1978); 50, 905(E) (1978)].
- A. Sirlin, Nucl. Phys. B196, 83 (1982).
- D. H. Wilkinson, Nucl. Phys. A377, 474 (1982).
- A. Sirlin and R. Zucchini, Phys. Rev. Lett. 57, 1994 (1986).
- I. S. Towner, Nucl. Phys. A540, 478 (1992).
- D. H. Wilkinson, Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res., Sect. A 335, 172 (1993).
- D. H. Wilkinson, Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res., Sect. A 335, 201 (1993).
- A. Czarnecki, W. J. Marciano, and A. Sirlin, Phys. Rev. D 70, 093006 (2004).
- W. J. Marciano and A. Sirlin, Phys. Rev. Lett. 96, 032002 (2006).
- I. S. Towner and J. C. Hardy, Rep. Prog. Phys. 73, 046301 (2010).
- C.-Y. Seng, M. Gorchtein, H. H. Patel, and M. J. Ramsey-Musolf, Phys. Rev. Lett. 121, 241804 (2018).
- C. Y. Seng, M. Gorchtein, and M. J. Ramsey-Musolf, Phys. Rev. D 100, 013001 (2019).
- M. Gorchtein, Phys. Rev. Lett. 123, 042503 (2019).
- C.-Y. Seng and M. Gorchtein, Phys. Rev. C 107, 035503 (2023).
- P.-X. Ma, X. Feng, M. Gorchtein, L.-C. Jin, K.-F. Liu, C.-Y. Seng, B.-G. Wang, and Z.-L. Zhang, Phys. Rev. Lett. 132, 191901 (2024).
- C.-Y. Seng and M. Gorchtein, Phys. Rev. C 109, 044302 (2024).
- R. J. Hill and R. Plestid, Phys. Rev. Lett. 133, 021803 (2024).
- V. Cirigliano, W. Dekens, E. Mereghetti, and O. Tomalak, Phys. Rev. D 108, 053003 (2023).
- V. Cirigliano, W. Dekens, J. de Vries, S. Gandolfi, M. Hoferichter, and E. Mereghetti, Phys. Rev. Lett. 133, 211801 (2024).
- V. Cirigliano, W. Dekens, J. de Vries, S. Gandolfi, M. Hoferichter, and E. Mereghetti, Phys. Rev. C 110, 055502 (2024).
- K. Borah, R. J. Hill, and R. Plestid, Phys. Rev. D 109, 113007 (2024).
- M. Gennari, M. Drissi, M. Gorchtein, P. Navratil, and C.-Y. Seng, Phys. Rev. Lett. 134, 012501 (2025).
- P. Vander Griend, Z. Cao, R. J. Hill, and R. Plestid, Phys. Lett. B 868, 139678 (2025).
- G. B. King, J. Carlson, A. R. Flores, S. Gandolfi, E. Mereghetti, S. Pastore, M. Piarulli, and R. B. Wiringa, Phys. Rev. C 114, 015501 (2025).
- Z. Cao, R. J. Hill, R. Plestid, and P. Vander Griend, arXiv:2511.05446.
- Ò. L. Crosas and E. Mereghetti, J. High Energy Phys. 02 (2026) 114.
- M. Gorbahn, F. Moretti, and S. Jäger, arXiv:2510.27648.
- B. Belfatto, R. Beradze, and Z. Berezhiani, Eur. Phys. J. C 80, 149 (2020).
- A. M. Coutinho, A. Crivellin, and C. A. Manzari, Phys. Rev. Lett. 125, 071802 (2020).
- K. Cheung, W.-Y. Keung, C.-T. Lu, and P.-Y. Tseng, J. High Energy Phys. 05 (2020) 117.
- B. Belfatto and Z. Berezhiani, J. High Energy Phys. 10 (2021) 079.
- G. C. Branco, J. T. Penedo, P. M. F. Pereira, M. N. Rebelo, and J. I. Silva-Marcos, J. High Energy Phys. 07 (2021) 099.
- A. Crivellin, M. Hoferichter, M. Kirk, C. A. Manzari, and L. Schnell, J. High Energy Phys. 10 (2021) 221.
- A. Crivellin, F. Kirk, C. A. Manzari, and M. Montull, J. High Energy Phys. 12 (2020) 166.
- M. Kirk, Phys. Rev. D 103, 035004 (2021).
- A. Crivellin, M. Hoferichter, and C. A. Manzari, Phys. Rev. Lett. 127, 071801 (2021).
- A. Crivellin and M. Hoferichter, Phys. Rev. Lett. 125, 111801 (2020).
- A. Crivellin, F. Kirk, C. A. Manzari, and L. Panizzi, Phys. Rev. D 103, 073002 (2021).
- B. Capdevila, A. Crivellin, C. A. Manzari, and M. Montull, Phys. Rev. D 103, 015032 (2021).
- A. Crivellin and M. Hoferichter, Science 374, 1051 (2021).
- A. Crivellin, C. A. Manzari, M. Algueró, and J. Matias, Phys. Rev. Lett. 127, 011801 (2021).
- D. Marzocca and S. Trifinopoulos, Phys. Rev. Lett. 127, 061803 (2021).
- A. K. Alok, A. Dighe, S. Gangal, and J. Kumar, Phys. Rev. D 108, 113005 (2023).
- V. Cirigliano, W. Dekens, J. de Vries, E. Mereghetti, and T. Tong, Phys. Rev. D 106, 075001 (2022).
- V. Cirigliano, W. Dekens, J. de Vries, E. Mereghetti, and T. Tong, J. High Energy Phys. 03 (2024) 033.
- M. Dawid, V. Cirigliano, and W. Dekens, J. High Energy Phys. 08 (2024) 175.
- A. Czarnecki, W. J. Marciano, and A. Sirlin, Phys. Rev. D 100, 073008 (2019).
- C.-Y. Seng, X. Feng, M. Gorchtein, and L.-C. Jin, Phys. Rev. D 101, 111301 (2020).
- L. Hayen, Phys. Rev. D 103, 113001 (2021).
- K. Shiells, P. G. Blunden, and W. Melnitchouk, Phys. Rev. D 104, 033003 (2021).
- V. Cirigliano, A. Crivellin, M. Hoferichter, and M. Moulson, Phys. Lett. B 838, 137748 (2023).
- S. Descotes-Genon and B. Moussallam, Eur. Phys. J. C 42, 403 (2005).
- D. Počanić et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 93, 181803 (2004).
- V. Cirigliano, M. Knecht, H. Neufeld, and H. Pichl, Eur. Phys. J. C 27, 255 (2003).
- A. Czarnecki, W. J. Marciano, and A. Sirlin, Phys. Rev. D 101, 091301 (2020).
- X. Feng, M. Gorchtein, L.-C. Jin, P.-X. Ma, and C.-Y. Seng, Phys. Rev. Lett. 124, 192002 (2020).
- P.-X. Ma, X. Feng, M. Gorchtein, L.-C. Jin, and C.-Y. Seng, Phys. Rev. D 103, 114503 (2021).
- J.-S. Yoo, T. Bhattacharya, R. Gupta, S. Mondal, and B. Yoon, Phys. Rev. D 108, 034508 (2023).
- W. Altmannshofer et al. (PIONEER Collaboration), arXiv:2203.01981.
- A. Adelmann et al. (PIONEER Collaboration), arXiv:2504.06375.
- R. Alemany, M. Davier, and A. Hoecker, Eur. Phys. J. C 2, 123 (1998).
- V. Cirigliano, G. Ecker, and H. Neufeld, Phys. Lett. B 513, 361 (2001).
- V. Cirigliano, G. Ecker, and H. Neufeld, J. High Energy Phys. 08 (2002) 002.
- F. Flores-Baéz, A. Flores-Tlalpa, G. López Castro, and G. Toledo Sánchez, Phys. Rev. D 74, 071301 (2006).
- M. Davier, A. Hoecker, G. López Castro, B. Malaescu, X. H. Mo, G. Toledo Sánchez, P. Wang, C. Z. Yuan, and Z. Zhang, Eur. Phys. J. C 66, 127 (2010).
- J. A. Miranda and P. Roig, Phys. Rev. D 102, 114017 (2020).
- G. L. Castro, A. Miranda, and P. Roig, Phys. Rev. D 111, 073004 (2025).
- T. Aoyama et al., Phys. Rep. 887, 1 (2020).
- R. Aliberti et al., Phys. Rep. 1143, 1 (2025).
- D. W. Hertzog and M. Hoferichter, arXiv:2512.16980.
- M. Davier, A. Hoecker, A.-M. Lutz, B. Malaescu, and Z. Zhang, Eur. Phys. J. C 84, 721 (2024).
- G. Colangelo, M. Hoferichter, B. Kubis, and P. Stoffer, J. High Energy Phys. 10 (2022) 032.
- M. Hoferichter, G. Colangelo, B.-L. Hoid, B. Kubis, J. Ruiz de Elvira, D. Schuh, D. Stamen, and P. Stoffer, Phys. Rev. Lett. 131, 161905 (2023).
- G. Colangelo, M. Cottini, M. Hoferichter, and S. Holz, Phys. Rev. Lett. 136, 101903 (2026).
- G. Colangelo, M. Cottini, M. Hoferichter, and S. Holz, J. High Energy Phys. 02 (2026) 181.
- V. Tishchenko et al. (MuLan Collaboration), Phys. Rev. D 87, 052003 (2013).
- J. Brod and M. Gorbahn, Phys. Rev. D 78, 034006 (2008).
- W. Dekens and P. Stoffer, J. High Energy Phys. 10 (2019) 197; 11 (2022) 148(E).
- R. J. Hill and O. Tomalak, Phys. Lett. B 805, 135466 (2020).
- See Supplemental Material at http://link.aps.org/supplemental/10.1103/rg2q-m515 for details of the matching with the spurion method, at the amplitude level, and the RG to NLL, including Refs. [89–112].
- B. Moussallam, Nucl. Phys. B504, 381 (1997).
- A. J. Buras and P. H. Weisz, Nucl. Phys. B333, 66 (1990).
- Y. Aoki et al. (FLAG Collaboration), Phys. Rev. D 113, 014508 (2026).
- K. Maltman, D. Leinweber, P. Moran, and A. Sternbeck, Phys. Rev. D 78, 114504 (2008).
- S. Aoki et al. (PACS-CS Collaboration), J. High Energy Phys. 10 (2009) 053.
- C. McNeile, C. T. H. Davies, E. Follana, K. Hornbostel, and G. P. Lepage, Phys. Rev. D 82, 034512 (2010).
- B. Chakraborty, C. T. H. Davies, B. Galloway, P. Knecht, J. Koponen, G. C. Donald, R. J. Dowdall, G. P. Lepage, and C. McNeile, Phys. Rev. D 91, 054508 (2015).
- M. Bruno, M. Dalla Brida, P. Fritzsch, T. Korzec, A. Ramos, S. Schaefer, H. Simma, S. Sint, and R. Sommer (ALPHA Collaboration), Phys. Rev. Lett. 119, 102001 (2017).
- A. Bazavov, N. Brambilla, X. Garcia i Tormo, P. Petreczky, J. Soto, A. Vairo, and J. H. Weber (TUMQCD Collaboration), Phys. Rev. D 100, 114511 (2019).
- S. Cali, K. Cichy, P. Korcyl, and J. Simeth, Phys. Rev. Lett. 125, 242002 (2020).
- C. Ayala, X. Lobregat, and A. Pineda, J. High Energy Phys. 09 (2020) 016.
- P. Petreczky and J. H. Weber, Eur. Phys. J. C 82, 64 (2022).
- M. Dalla Brida, R. Höllwieser, F. Knechtli, T. Korzec, A. Nada, A. Ramos, S. Sint, and R. Sommer (ALPHA Collaboration), Eur. Phys. J. C 82, 1092 (2022).
- R. H. Parker, C. Yu, W. Zhong, B. Estey, and H. Müller, Science 360, 191 (2018).
- L. Morel, Z. Yao, P. Cladé, and S. Guellati-Khélifa, Nature (London) 588, 61 (2020).
- X. Fan, T. G. Myers, B. A. D. Sukra, and G. Gabrielse, Phys. Rev. Lett. 130, 071801 (2023).
- C. Sturm, Nucl. Phys. B874, 698 (2013).
- M. Davier, A. Hoecker, B. Malaescu, and Z. Zhang, Eur. Phys. J. C 80, 241 (2020); 80, 410(E) (2020).
- A. Keshavarzi, D. Nomura, and T. Teubner, Phys. Rev. D 101, 014029 (2020).
- M. Cè, A. Gérardin, G. von Hippel, H. B. Meyer, K. Miura, K. Ottnad, A. Risch, T. S. José, J. Wilhelm, and H. Wittig, J. High Energy Phys. 08 (2022) 220.
- J. Erler and R. Ferro-Hernández, J. High Energy Phys. 12 (2023) 131.
- A. Conigli, D. Djukanovic, G. von Hippel, S. Kuberski, H. B. Meyer, K. Miura, K. Ottnad, A. Risch, and H. Wittig, arXiv:2511.01623.
- K. G. Chetyrkin, J. H. Kühn, and M. Steinhauser, Nucl. Phys. B482, 213 (1996).
- S. Fanchiotti, B. A. Kniehl, and A. Sirlin, Phys. Rev. D 48, 307 (1993).
- M. Knecht, H. Neufeld, H. Rupertsberger, and P. Talavera, Eur. Phys. J. C 12, 469 (2000).
- R. Urech, Nucl. Phys. B433, 234 (1995).
- S. A. Larin and J. A. M. Vermaseren, Phys. Lett. B 259, 345 (1991).
- P. A. Baikov, K. G. Chetyrkin, and J. H. Kuhn, Phys. Rev. Lett. 104, 132004 (2010).
- K. G. Chetyrkin, J. H. Kühn, and M. Steinhauser, Comput. Phys. Commun. 133, 43 (2000).
- F. Herren and M. Steinhauser, Comput. Phys. Commun. 224, 333 (2018).
- F. Takahashi et al. (Particle Data Group), Int. J. Mod. Phys. A 41, 2630011 (2026).
- A. Ferroglia, C. Greub, A. Sirlin, and Z. Zhang, Phys. Rev. D 88, 033012 (2013).
- M. Fael, L. Mercolli, and M. Passera, Phys. Rev. D 88, 093011 (2013).
- R. E. Behrends and A. Sirlin, Phys. Rev. Lett. 4, 186 (1960).
- M. Ademollo and R. Gatto, Phys. Rev. Lett. 13, 264 (1964).
- J. Gasser and H. Leutwyler, Nucl. Phys. B250, 517 (1985).
- J. F. Crawford, M. Daum, R. Frosch, B. Jost, P. R. Kettle, R. M. Marshall, B. K. Wright, and K. O. H. Ziock, Phys. Rev. D 43, 46 (1991).
- J. Gasser and H. Leutwyler, Nucl. Phys. B250, 465 (1985).
- J. Bijnens and P. Talavera, J. High Energy Phys. 03 (2002) 046.
- G. Colangelo, M. Hoferichter, B. Kubis, M. Niehus, and J. Ruiz de Elvira, Phys. Lett. B 825, 136852 (2022).
- M. Passera, K. Philippides, and A. Sirlin, Phys. Rev. D 84, 094030 (2011).
- T. Kinoshita, J. Math. Phys. (N.Y.) 3, 650 (1962).
- T. D. Lee and M. Nauenberg, Phys. Rev. 133, B1549 (1964).
- A. Aguilar-Arevalo et al. (PiENu Collaboration), Phys. Rev. Lett. 115, 071801 (2015).
- G. Czapek et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 70, 17 (1993).
- D. I. Britton et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 68, 3000 (1992).
- V. P. Koptev et al., JETP Lett. 61, 877 (1995), http://jetpletters.ru/ps/1210/article_18282.pdf.
- T. Numao, J. A. Macdonald, G. M. Marshall, A. Olin, and M. C. Fujiwara, Phys. Rev. D 52, 4855 (1995).
- W. J. Marciano and A. Sirlin, Phys. Rev. Lett. 56, 22 (1986).
- W. J. Marciano and A. Sirlin, Phys. Rev. Lett. 61, 1815 (1988).
- W. J. Marciano and A. Sirlin, Phys. Rev. Lett. 71, 3629 (1993).
- E. Braaten and C.-S. Li, Phys. Rev. D 42, 3888 (1990).
- J. Erler, Rev. Mex. Fis. 50, 200 (2004).
- M. Davier, S. Eidelman, A. Hocker, and Z. Zhang, Eur. Phys. J. C 27, 497 (2003).
- V. Cirigliano, J. de Vries, L. Hayen, E. Mereghetti, and A. Walker-Loud, Phys. Rev. Lett. 129, 121801 (2022).
- X.-D. Ji and M. J. Musolf, Phys. Lett. B 257, 409 (1991).