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Anomalous Fluctuations of Bose-Einstein Condensates in Optical Lattices

Zahra Jalali-Mola1, Niklas Käming2,3, Luca Asteria4, Utso Bhattacharya1,5, Ravindra W. Chhajlany6, Klaus Sengstock2,3, Maciej Lewenstein1,7, Tobias Grass8,9,*, and Christof Weitenberg10,†

  • *Contact author: tobias.grass@dipc.org
  • †Contact author: christof.weitenberg@tu-dortmund.de
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Phys. Rev. Lett. 136, 083401 – Published 23 February, 2026

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1103/95pq-6r5g

Abstract

Fluctuations are fundamental in physics and important for understanding and characterizing phase transitions. In this spirit, the phase transition to the Bose-Einstein condensate (BEC) is of specific importance. Whereas fluctuations of the condensate particle number in atomic BECs have been studied in continuous systems, experimental and theoretical studies for lattice systems were so far missing. Here, we explore the condensate particle number fluctuations in an optical lattice BEC across the phase transition in a combined experimental and theoretical study. We present both experimental data using ultracold Rb87 atoms and numerical simulations based on a hybrid approach combining the Bogoliubov quasiparticle framework with a master equation analysis for modeling the system. We find strongly anomalous fluctuations, where the variance of the condensate number δNBEC2 scales with the total atom number as N1+γ with an exponent around γtheo=0.74(10) and γexp=0.62(9), which we attribute to the 2D/3D crossover geometry. Our Letter highlights the importance of the trap geometry on the character of fluctuations and on fundamental quantum mechanical properties.

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Phys. Rev. Lett. 136, 083401– Published 23 February, 2026
  • Received 4 August 2025
  • Revised 5 November 2025
  • Accepted 12 December 2025
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