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Deep Thermalization and Measurements of Quantum Resources

Naga Dileep Varikuti1,2,*, Soumik Bandyopadhyay1,2,3,†, and Philipp Hauke1,2,‡

  • *Contact author: dileep.varikuti@unitn.it
  • †Contact author: soumik@iisertvm.ac.in
  • ‡Contact author: philipp.hauke@unitn.it
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Phys. Rev. Lett. 137, 180401 – Published 26 October, 2026

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1103/91hd-8k7g

Abstract

Quantum resource theories provide a unified framework for characterizing useful quantum phenomena subject to physical constraints, but are notoriously hard to assess in experimental systems. In this Letter, we introduce a unified protocol for quantifying the resource-generating power of arbitrary quantum evolutions applicable to multiple resource theories. It is based on deep thermalization, which has recently gained attention for its role in the emergence of quantum state designs from partial projective measurements. Central to our approach is the use of projected ensembles, recently employed to probe deep thermalization, together with new twirling identities that allow us to directly infer the resource-generating powers of the underlying dynamics. These identities further reveal how resources build up and thermalize in generic quantum circuits. Finally, we show that quantum resources themselves undergo deep thermalization at the subsystem level, offering a complementary and another experimentally accessible route to infer the resource-generating powers. Our Letter connects deep thermalization to resource quantification, offering a new perspective on the essential role of various resources in generating state designs and on efficient estimation of quantum resources in experiment.

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Phys. Rev. Lett. 137, 180401– Published 26 October, 2026
  • Received 23 January 2026
  • Revised 10 August 2026
  • Accepted 29 September 2026
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