Open Access

First Differential Measurement of the Single $π^{+}$ Production Cross Section in Neutrino Neutral-Current Scattering

K. Abe⁶¹, S. Abe⁶¹, R. Akutsu¹⁶, H. Alarakia-Charles³⁴, Y. I. Alj Hakim⁵⁵, S. Alonso Monsalve⁹, L. Anthony²¹, S. Aoki³², K. A. Apte²¹ et al. (T2K Collaboration)

K. A. Apte²¹, T. Arai⁶⁰, T. Arihara⁶⁴, S. Arimoto³³, Y. Ashida⁷⁰, E. T. Atkin²¹, N. Babu³⁸, V. Baranov³⁹, G. J. Barker⁷¹, G. Barr⁴⁷, D. Barrow⁴⁷, P. Bates³⁷, L. Bathe-Peters⁴⁷, M. Batkiewicz-Kwasniak¹⁵, N. Baudis⁴⁷, V. Berardi²², L. Berns⁷⁰, S. Bhattacharjee³⁸, A. Blanchet¹¹, A. Blondel^58,12, S. Bolognesi⁵, S. Bordoni¹², S. B. Boyd⁷¹, C. Bronner⁶¹, A. Bubak⁵⁶, M. Buizza Avanzini³⁶, J. A. Caballero⁵⁴, F. Cadoux¹², N. F. Calabria²², S. Cao²⁰, S. Cap¹², D. Carabadjac^36,*, S. L. Cartwright⁵⁵, M. P. Casado^18,†, M. G. Catanesi²², J. Chakrani³⁵, A. Chalumeau⁵⁸, A. Chvirova²⁶, G. Collazuol²⁴, F. Cormier⁶⁶, A. A. L. Craplet²¹, A. Cudd⁶, D. D’ago²⁴, C. Dalmazzone⁵⁸, T. Daret⁵, P. Dasgupta⁸, C. Davis⁴⁸, Yu. I. Davydov³⁹, G. De Rosa²³, T. Dealtry³⁴, C. Densham⁴⁴, A. Dergacheva²⁶, R. Dharmapal Banerjee⁷², F. Di Lodovico³¹, G. Diaz Lopez⁵⁸, S. Dolan¹¹, D. Douqa¹², T. A. Doyle⁴³, O. Drapier³⁶, K. E. Duffy⁴⁷, J. Dumarchez⁵⁸, P. Dunne²¹, K. Dygnarowicz⁶⁹, A. Eguchi⁶⁰, J. Elias⁵⁰, S. 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Martini^58,¶, T. Matsubara¹⁶, R. Matsumoto⁶³, V. Matveev²⁶, C. Mauger⁴⁸, K. Mavrokoridis³⁷, N. McCauley³⁷, K. S. McFarland⁵⁰, J. McKean²¹, A. Mefodiev²⁶, G. D. Megias⁵⁴, L. Mellet⁴⁰, M. Mezzetto²⁴, S. Miki⁶¹, V. Mikola¹³, E. W. Miller¹⁸, A. Minamino⁷³, O. Mineev²⁶, S. Mine^61,4, J. Mirabito², M. Miura^61,§, S. Moriyama^61,§, S. Moriyama⁷³, P. Morrison¹³, Th. A. Mueller³⁶, D. Munford¹⁷, A. Muñoz^36,28, L. Munteanu¹¹, Y. Nagai⁸, T. Nakadaira^16,‡, K. Nakagiri⁶⁰, M. Nakahata^61,29, Y. Nakajima⁶⁰, K. D. Nakamura⁷⁰, Y. Nakano⁶⁷, S. Nakayama^61,29, T. Nakaya^33,29, K. Nakayoshi^16,‡, C. E. R. Naseby²¹, D. T. Nguyen¹⁰, V. Q. Nguyen³⁶, K. Niewczas¹⁴, S. Nishimori¹⁶, Y. Nishimura³⁰, Y. Noguchi⁶¹, T. Nosek⁴², F. Nova⁴⁴, J. C. Nugent²¹, H. M. O’Keeffe³⁴, L. O’Sullivan¹⁹, R. Okazaki³⁰, W. Okinaga⁶⁰, K. Okumura^62,29, T. Okusawa⁴⁶, N. Onda³³, N. Ospina²², L. Osu³⁶, Y. Oyama^16,‡, V. Paolone⁴⁹, J. Pasternak²¹, M. Pfaff²¹, L. Pickering⁴⁴, B. Popov^58,**, A. J. Portocarrero Yrey¹⁶, M. Posiadala-Zezula⁶⁸, Y. S. Prabhu⁶⁸, H. Prasad⁷², F. Pupilli²⁴, B. Quilain^28,36, P. T. Quyen^20,††, E. Radicioni²², B. Radics⁷⁴, M. A. Ramirez⁴⁸, R. Ramsden³¹, P. N. Ratoff³⁴, M. Reh⁶, G. Reina¹⁹, C. Riccio⁴³, D. W. Riley¹³, E. Rondio⁴², S. Roth⁵², N. Roy⁷⁴, A. Rubbia⁹, L. Russo⁵⁸, A. Rychter⁶⁹, W. Saenz⁵⁸, K. Sakashita^16,‡, F. Sánchez¹², E. M. Sandford³⁷, Y. Sato⁶⁵, T. Schefke³⁸, C. M. Schloesser¹², K. Scholberg^7,§, M. Scott²¹, Y. Seiya^46,‡‡, T. Sekiguchi^16,‡, H. Sekiya^61,29,§, T. Sekiya⁶⁴, D. Seppala⁴⁰, D. Sgalaberna⁹, A. Shaikhiev²⁶, M. Shiozawa^61,29, Y. Shiraishi⁴⁵, A. Shvartsman²⁶, N. Skrobova²⁶, K. Skwarczynski⁵¹, D. Smyczek⁵², M. Smy⁴, J. T. Sobczyk⁷², H. Sobel^4,29, F. J. P. Soler¹³, A. J. Speers³⁴, R. Spina²², A. Srivastava¹⁹, P. Stowell⁵⁵, Y. Stroke²⁶, I. A. Suslov³⁹, A. Suzuki³², S. Y. Suzuki^16,‡, M. Tada^16,‡, S. Tairafune⁷⁰, A. Takeda⁶¹, Y. Takeuchi^32,29, H. K. Tanaka^61,§, H. Tanigawa¹⁶, V. V. Tereshchenko³⁹, N. Thamm⁵², N. Tran³³, T. Tsukamoto^16,‡, M. Tzanov³⁸, Y. Uchida²¹, M. Vagins^29,4, M. Varghese¹⁸, I. Vasilyev³⁹, G. Vasseur⁵, E. Villa^11,12, U. Virginet⁵⁸, T. Vladisavljevic⁴⁴, T. Wachala¹⁵, D. Wakabayashi⁷⁰, H. T. Wallace⁵⁵, J. G. Walsh⁴⁰, L. Wan², D. Wark^44,47, M. O. Wascko^47,44, A. Weber¹⁹, R. Wendell³³, M. J. Wilking⁵³, C. Wilkinson³⁵, J. R. Wilson³¹, K. Wood³⁵, C. Wret²¹, J. Xia⁵⁷, K. Yamamoto^46,‡‡, T. Yamamoto⁴⁶, Y. Yang⁴⁷, T. Yano⁶¹, N. Yershov²⁶, U. Yevarouskaya⁴³, M. Yokoyama^60,§, Y. Yoshimoto⁶⁰, N. Yoshimura³³, R. Zaki⁷⁴, A. Zalewska¹⁵, J. Zalipska⁴², G. Zarnecki¹⁵, J. Zhang^66,3, X. Y. Zhao⁹, H. Zheng⁴³, H. Zhong³², T. Zhu²¹, M. Ziembicki⁶⁹, E. D. Zimmerman⁶, M. Zito⁵⁸, and S. Zsoldos³¹ (T2K Collaboration)

¹Department of Theoretical Physics, University Autonoma Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
²Department of Physics, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
³Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
⁴Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California, USA
⁵IRFU, CEA, Université Paris-Saclay, F-91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
⁶Department of Physics, University of Colorado at Boulder, Boulder, Colorado, USA
⁷Department of Physics, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
⁸Department of Atomic Physics, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
⁹ETH Zurich, Institute for Particle Physics and Astrophysics, Zurich, Switzerland
¹⁰VNU University of Science, Vietnam National University, Hanoi, Vietnam
¹¹CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research, CH-1211 Genéve 23, Switzerland
¹²Section de Physique, University of Geneva, DPNC, Geneva, Switzerland
¹³School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
¹⁴Department of Physics and Astronomy, Ghent University, Proeftuinstraat 86, B-9000 Gent, Belgium
¹⁵H. Niewodniczanski Institute of Nuclear Physics PAN, Cracow, Poland
¹⁶High Energy Accelerator Research Organization (KEK), Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
¹⁷Department of Physics, University of Houston, Houston, Texas, USA
¹⁸Institut de Fisica d’Altes Energies (IFAE) - The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Campus UAB, Bellaterra (Barcelona) Spain
¹⁹Institut für Physik, Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz, Staudingerweg 7, 55128 Mainz, Germany
²⁰Institute For Interdisciplinary Research in Science and Education (IFIRSE), ICISE, Quy Nhon, Vietnam
²¹Department of Physics, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
²²Dipartimento Interuniversitario di Fisica, INFN Sezione di Bari and Università e Politecnico di Bari, Bari, Italy
²³Dipartimento di Fisica, INFN Sezione di Napoli and Università di Napoli, Napoli, Italy
²⁴Dipartimento di Fisica, INFN Sezione di Padova and Università di Padova, Padova, Italy
²⁵INFN Sezione di Roma and Università di Roma “La Sapienza,” Roma, Italy
²⁶Institute for Nuclear Research of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
²⁷International Centre of Physics, Institute of Physics (IOP), Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology (VAST), 10 Dao Tan, Ba Dinh, Hanoi, Vietnam
²⁸ILANCE, CNRS—University of Tokyo International Research Laboratory, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-8582, Japan
²⁹Kavli Institute for the Physics and Mathematics of the Universe (WPI), The University of Tokyo Institutes for Advanced Study, University of Tokyo, Kashiwa, Chiba, Japan
³⁰Department of Physics, Keio University, Kanagawa, Japan
³¹Department of Physics, King’s College London, Strand, London WC2R 2LS, United Kingdom
³²Kobe University, Kobe, Japan
³³Department of Physics, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
³⁴Physics Department, Lancaster University, Lancaster, United Kingdom
³⁵Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California, USA
³⁶Laboratoire Leprince-Ringuet, Ecole Polytechnique, IN2P3-CNRS, Palaiseau, France
³⁷Department of Physics, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
³⁸Department of Physics and Astronomy, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA
³⁹Joint Institute for Nuclear Research, Dubna, Moscow Region, Russia
⁴⁰Department of Physics and Astronomy, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
⁴¹Department of Physics, Miyagi University of Education, Sendai, Japan
⁴²National Centre for Nuclear Research, Warsaw, Poland
⁴³Department of Physics and Astronomy, State University of New York at Stony Brook, Stony Brook, New York, USA
⁴⁴STFC, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Harwell Oxford, and Daresbury Laboratory, Warrington, United Kingdom
⁴⁵Department of Physics, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan
⁴⁶Department of Physics, Osaka Metropolitan University, Osaka, Japan
⁴⁷Department of Physics, Oxford University, Oxford, United Kingdom
⁴⁸Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
⁴⁹Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
⁵⁰Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York, USA
⁵¹Department of Physics, Royal Holloway University of London, Egham, Surrey, United Kingdom
⁵²Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, III. Aachen, Germany
⁵³School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
⁵⁴Departamento de Física Atómica, Molecular y Nuclear, Universidad de Sevilla, 41080 Sevilla, Spain
⁵⁵School of Mathematical and Physical Sciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
⁵⁶Institute of Physics, University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland
⁵⁷SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Menlo Park, California, USA
⁵⁸Laboratoire de Physique Nucléaire et de Hautes Energies (LPNHE), Sorbonne Université, CNRS/IN2P3, Paris, France
⁵⁹South Dakota School of Mines and Technology, 501 East Saint Joseph Street, Rapid City, South Dakota, USA
⁶⁰Department of Physics, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
⁶¹Institute for Cosmic Ray Research, Kamioka Observatory, University of Tokyo, Kamioka, Japan
⁶²Institute for Cosmic Ray Research, Research Center for Cosmic Neutrinos, University of Tokyo, Kashiwa, Japan
⁶³Department of Physics, Institute of Science Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
⁶⁴Department of Physics, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Tokyo, Japan
⁶⁵Faculty of Science and Technology, Department of Physics, Tokyo University of Science, Noda, Chiba, Japan
⁶⁶TRIUMF, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
⁶⁷Department of Physics, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan
⁶⁸Faculty of Physics, University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
⁶⁹Institute of Radioelectronics and Multimedia Technology, Warsaw University of Technology, Warsaw, Poland
⁷⁰Faculty of Science, Department of Physics, Tohoku University, Miyagi, Japan
⁷¹Department of Physics, University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom
⁷²Faculty of Physics and Astronomy, Wroclaw University, Wroclaw, Poland
⁷³Department of Physics, Yokohama National University, Yokohama, Japan
⁷⁴Department of Physics and Astronomy, York University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada

^*Also at Université Paris-Saclay.
^†Also at Departament de Fisica de la Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.
^‡Also at J-PARC, Tokai, Japan.
^§Affiliated member at Kavli IPMU (WPI), the University of Tokyo, Japan.
^∥Also at Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology (MIPT), Moscow region, Russia and National Research Nuclear University “MEPhI,” Moscow, Russia.
^¶Also at IPSA-DRII, France.
^**Also at JINR, Dubna, Russia.
^††Also at the Graduate University of Science and Technology, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology.
^‡‡Also at Nambu Yoichiro Institute of Theoretical and Experimental Physics (NITEP).

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Phys. Rev. Lett. 135, 171803 – Published 23 October, 2025

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1103/6d32-l452

Abstract

Since its first observation in the 1970s, neutrino-induced neutral-current single positive pion production ( $NC 1 π^{+}$ ) has remained an elusive and poorly understood interaction channel. This process is a significant background in neutrino oscillation experiments and studying it further is critical for the physics program of next-generation accelerator-based neutrino oscillation experiments. In this Letter, we present the first double-differential cross-section measurement of $NC 1 π^{+}$ interactions using data from the ND280 detector of the T2K experiment collected in $ν$ -beam mode. The measured flux-averaged integrated cross section is $σ = (6.07 \pm 1.22) \times 10^{- 41} {cm}^{2} / nucleon$ . We compare the results on a hydrocarbon target to the predictions of several neutrino interaction generators and final-state-interaction models. While model predictions agree with the differential results, the data show a weak preference for a cross-section normalization approximately 30% higher than predicted by most models studied in this Letter.

Physics Subject Headings (PhySH)

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Phys. Rev. Lett. 135, 171803– Published 23 October, 2025

Vol. 135, Iss. 17 — 24 October 2025

Received 20 March 2025
Revised 3 July 2025
Accepted 22 August 2025

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1103/6d32-l452

Published by the American Physical Society under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International license. Further distribution of this work must maintain attribution to the author(s) and the published article’s title, journal citation, and DOI. Funded by SCOAP³.

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First Differential Measurement of the Single $π^{+}$ Production Cross Section in Neutrino Neutral-Current Scattering

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Signal selection and model-independent extraction of the neutrino neutral-current single $π^{+}$ cross section with the T2K experiment

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First Differential Measurement of the Single π+ Production Cross Section in Neutrino Neutral-Current Scattering

Abstract

Physics Subject Headings (PhySH)

See Also

Signal selection and model-independent extraction of the neutrino neutral-current single π+ cross section with the T2K experiment

Article Text

References (80)

First Differential Measurement of the Single $π^{+}$ Production Cross Section in Neutrino Neutral-Current Scattering

Signal selection and model-independent extraction of the neutrino neutral-current single $π^{+}$ cross section with the T2K experiment