Using the TRENTo-3D initial condition model coupled with $(3+1)$-dimensional CLVisc hydrodynamic simulations, we systematically investigate the left-right splitting of elliptic flow $\left(\mathrm{\Delta }{v}_2\right)$ for soft particles in relativistic heavy-ion collisions. Our study reveals that the final distribution characteristics of $\mathrm{\Delta }{v}_2$ primarily depend on the odd flow harmonics and $v_2$ itself. We find that the parton transverse momentum scale $k_{\text{T}}$ not only determines the geometric tilt of the QGP fireball but also significantly affects the rapidity dependence of both $v_1$ and $\mathrm{\Delta }{v}_2$, providing new insights into the splitting mechanism of $\mathrm{\Delta }{v}_2$. Furthermore, our results demonstrate that $\mathrm{\Delta }{v}_2\left(p_{\text{T}}\right)$ exhibits significant sensitivity to influences such as the subnucleonic degrees of freedom (or “hotspots”), transverse momentum scale, and fragmentation region profile. By analyzing $\mathrm{\Delta }{v}_2$ and the $\mathrm{\Delta }{v}_2/v_2$ ratio, our findings provide new constraints on the uncertainties of the QGP initial state and provide additional constraints for refining model parameters.

Close

PrevNext

View figure in article

• Hydrodynamic models
• Quark-gluon plasma
• Relativistic heavy-ion collisions