Open Access

Strangeness production as a function of charged-particle multiplicity in proton-proton collisions at $\sqrt{s} = 5.02 TeV$

I. J. Abualrob ¹¹⁴, S. Acharya ⁵⁰, G. Aglieri Rinella ³², L. Aglietta ²⁴, N. Agrawal ²⁵, Z. Ahammed ¹³⁴, S. Ahmad ¹⁵, I. Ahuja ³⁶, Z. Akbar⁸¹ et al. (ALICE Collaboration)

Z. Akbar⁸¹, A. Akindinov ¹⁴⁰, V. Akishina ³⁸, M. Al-Turany ⁹⁶, D. Aleksandrov ¹⁴⁰, B. Alessandro ⁵⁶, R. Alfaro Molina ⁶⁷, B. Ali ¹⁵, A. Alici ^25,*, A. Alkin ¹⁰², J. Alme ²⁰, G. Alocco ²⁴, T. Alt ⁶⁴, I. Altsybeev ⁹⁴, C. Andrei ⁴⁵, N. Andreou ¹¹³, A. Andronic ¹²⁵, E. Andronov ¹⁴⁰, M. Angeletti ³², V. Anguelov ⁹³, F. Antinori ⁵⁴, P. Antonioli ⁵¹, N. Apadula ⁷², H. Appelshäuser ⁶⁴, S. Arcelli ^25,*, R. Arnaldi ⁵⁶, I. C. Arsene ¹⁹, M. Arslandok ¹³⁷, A. Augustinus ³², R. Averbeck ⁹⁶, M. D. Azmi ¹⁵, H. Baba¹²³, A. R. J. Babu¹³⁶, A. Badalà ⁵³, J. Bae ¹⁰², Y. Bae ¹⁰², Y. W. Baek ⁴⁰, X. Bai ¹¹⁸, R. Bailhache ⁶⁴, Y. Bailung ⁴⁸, R. Bala ⁹⁰, A. Baldisseri ¹²⁹, B. Balis ², S. Bangalia ¹¹⁶, Z. Banoo ⁹⁰, V. Barbasova ³⁶, F. Barile ³¹, L. Barioglio ⁵⁶, M. Barlou ^24,77, B. Barman ⁴¹, G. G. Barnaföldi ⁴⁶, L. S. Barnby ¹¹³, E. Barreau ¹⁰¹, V. Barret ¹²⁶, L. Barreto ¹⁰⁸, K. Barth ³², E. Bartsch ⁶⁴, N. Bastid ¹²⁶, G. Batigne ¹⁰¹, D. Battistini ⁹⁴, B. Batyunya ¹⁴¹, D. Bauri⁴⁷, J. L. Bazo Alba ¹⁰⁰, I. G. Bearden ⁸², P. Becht ⁹⁶, D. Behera ⁴⁸, S. Behera ⁴⁷, I. Belikov ¹²⁸, V. D. Bella ¹²⁸, F. Bellini ²⁵, R. Bellwied ¹¹⁴, L. G. E. Beltran ¹⁰⁷, Y. A. V. Beltran ⁴⁴, G. Bencedi ⁴⁶, A. Bensaoula¹¹⁴, S. Beole ²⁴, Y. Berdnikov ¹⁴⁰, A. Berdnikova ⁹³, L. Bergmann ^72,93, L. Bernardinis ²³, L. Betev ³², P. P. Bhaduri ¹³⁴, T. Bhalla ⁸⁹, A. Bhasin ⁹⁰, B. Bhattacharjee ⁴¹, S. Bhattarai¹¹⁶, L. Bianchi ²⁴, J. Bielčík ³⁴, J. Bielčíková ⁸⁵, A. Bilandzic ⁹⁴, A. Binoy ¹¹⁶, G. Biro ⁴⁶, S. Biswas ⁴, D. Blau ¹⁴⁰, M. B. Blidaru ⁹⁶, N. Bluhme ³⁸, C. Blume ⁶⁴, F. Bock ⁸⁶, T. Bodova ²⁰, L. Boldizsár ⁴⁶, M. Bombara ³⁶, P. M. Bond ³², G. Bonomi ^133,55, H. Borel ¹²⁹, A. Borissov ¹⁴⁰, A. G. Borquez Carcamo ⁹³, E. Botta ²⁴, Y. E. M. Bouziani ⁶⁴, D. C. Brandibur ⁶³, L. Bratrud ⁶⁴, P. Braun-Munzinger ⁹⁶, M. Bregant ¹⁰⁸, M. Broz ³⁴, G. E. Bruno ^95,31, V. D. Buchakchiev ³⁵, M. D. Buckland ⁸⁴, H. Buesching ⁶⁴, S. Bufalino ²⁹, P. Buhler ⁷⁴, N. Burmasov ¹⁴¹, Z. Buthelezi ^68,122, A. Bylinkin ²⁰, J. C. 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Husar ⁸⁸, A. Hutson ¹¹⁴, D. Hutter ³⁸, M. C. Hwang ¹⁸, R. Ilkaev¹⁴⁰, M. Inaba ¹²⁴, M. Ippolitov ¹⁴⁰, A. Isakov ⁸³, T. Isidori ¹¹⁶, M. S. Islam ⁴⁷, M. Ivanov¹³, M. Ivanov ⁹⁶, K. E. Iversen ⁷³, M. Jablonski ², B. Jacak ^18,72, N. Jacazio ²⁵, P. M. Jacobs ⁷², A. Jadlovska¹⁰⁴, S. Jadlovska¹⁰⁴, S. Jaelani ⁸¹, C. Jahnke ¹⁰⁹, M. J. Jakubowska ¹³⁵, E. P. Jamro ², D. M. Janik ³⁴, M. A. Janik ¹³⁵, C. A. Jauch ⁹⁶, S. Ji ¹⁶, Y. Ji ⁹⁶, S. Jia ⁸², T. Jiang ¹⁰, A. A. P. Jimenez ⁶⁵, S. Jin¹⁰, F. Jonas ⁷², D. M. Jones ¹¹⁷, J. M. Jowett ^32,96, J. Jung ⁶⁴, M. Jung ⁶⁴, A. Junique ³², A. Jusko ⁹⁹, J. Kaewjai ¹⁰³, P. Kalinak ⁶⁰, A. Kalweit ³², H. Kang¹², A. Karasu Uysal ¹³⁸, N. Karatzenis⁹⁹, O. Karavichev ¹⁴⁰, T. Karavicheva ¹⁴⁰, M. J. Karwowska ¹³⁵, V. Kashyap ⁷⁹, M. Keil ³², B. Ketzer ⁴², J. Keul ⁶⁴, S. S. Khade ⁴⁸, A. M. Khan ¹¹⁸, A. Khanzadeev ¹⁴⁰, Y. Kharlov ¹⁴⁰, A. Khatun ¹¹⁶, A. Khuntia ⁵¹, Z. Khuranova ⁶⁴, B. Kileng ³⁷, B. Kim ¹⁰², D. J. Kim ¹¹⁵, D. Kim ¹⁰², E. J. Kim ⁶⁹, G. Kim ⁵⁸, H. Kim ⁵⁸, J. 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W. Myrcha ¹³⁵, B. Naik ¹²², A. I. Nambrath ¹⁸, B. K. Nandi ⁴⁷, R. Nania ⁵¹, E. Nappi ⁵⁰, A. F. Nassirpour ¹⁷, V. Nastase¹¹¹, A. Nath ⁹³, N. F. Nathanson ⁸², K. Naumov¹⁸, A. Neagu¹⁹, L. Nellen ⁶⁵, R. Nepeivoda ⁷³, S. Nese ¹⁹, N. Nicassio ³¹, B. S. Nielsen ⁸², E. G. Nielsen ⁸², S. Nikolaev ¹⁴⁰, V. Nikulin ¹⁴⁰, F. Noferini ⁵¹, S. Noh ¹², P. Nomokonov ¹⁴¹, J. Norman ¹¹⁷, N. Novitzky ⁸⁶, A. Nyanin ¹⁴⁰, J. Nystrand ²⁰, M. R. Ockleton ¹¹⁷, M. Ogino ⁷⁵, J. Oh ¹⁶, S. Oh ¹⁷, A. Ohlson ⁷³, M. Oida ⁹¹, V. A. Okorokov ¹⁴⁰, C. Oppedisano ⁵⁶, A. Ortiz Velasquez ⁶⁵, H. Osanai⁷⁵, J. Otwinowski ¹⁰⁵, M. Oya ⁹¹, K. Oyama ⁷⁵, S. Padhan ^133,47, D. Pagano ^133,55, G. Paić ⁶⁵, S. Paisano-Guzmán ⁴⁴, A. Palasciano ^95,50, I. Panasenko ⁷³, P. Panigrahi ⁴⁷, C. Pantouvakis ²⁷, H. Park ¹²⁴, J. Park ¹²⁴, S. Park ¹⁰², T. Y. Park¹³⁹, J. E. Parkkila ¹³⁵, P. B. Pati ⁸², Y. Patley ⁴⁷, R. N. Patra ⁵⁰, P. Paudel¹¹⁶, B. Paul ¹³⁴, H. Pei ⁶, T. Peitzmann ⁵⁹, X. Peng ^54,11, M. Pennisi ²⁴, S. Perciballi ²⁴, D. Peresunko ¹⁴⁰, G. M. Perez ⁷, Y. Pestov¹⁴⁰, M. Petrovici ⁴⁵, S. Piano ⁵⁷, M. Pikna ¹³, P. Pillot ¹⁰¹, O. Pinazza ^51,32, C. Pinto ³², S. Pisano ⁴⁹, M. Płoskoń ⁷², M. Planinic ⁸⁸, D. K. Plociennik ², M. G. Poghosyan ⁸⁶, B. Polichtchouk ¹⁴⁰, S. Politano ³², N. Poljak ⁸⁸, A. Pop ⁴⁵, S. Porteboeuf-Houssais ¹²⁶, J. S. Potgieter ¹¹², I. Y. Pozos ⁴⁴, K. K. Pradhan ⁴⁸, S. K. Prasad ⁴, S. Prasad ⁴⁸, R. Preghenella ⁵¹, F. Prino ⁵⁶, C. A. Pruneau ¹³⁶, I. Pshenichnov ¹⁴⁰, M. Puccio ³², S. Pucillo ^28,24, S. Pulawski ¹¹⁹, L. Quaglia ²⁴, A. M. K. Radhakrishnan ⁴⁸, S. Ragoni ¹⁴, A. Rai ¹³⁷, A. Rakotozafindrabe ¹²⁹, N. Ramasubramanian¹²⁷, L. Ramello ^132,56, C. O. Ramírez-Álvarez ⁴⁴, M. Rasa ²⁶, S. S. Räsänen ⁴³, R. Rath ⁹⁶, M. P. Rauch ²⁰, I. Ravasenga ³², M. Razza ²⁵, K. F. Read ^86,121, C. Reckziegel ¹¹⁰, A. R. Redelbach ³⁸, K. Redlich ^78,††, H. D. Regules-Medel ⁴⁴, A. Rehman ²⁰, F. Reidt ³², H. A. Reme-Ness ³⁷, K. Reygers ⁹³, R. Ricci ²⁸, M. Richter ²⁰, A. A. Riedel ⁹⁴, W. Riegler ³², A. G. Riffero ²⁴, M. Rignanese ²⁷, C. Ripoli ²⁸, C. Ristea ⁶³, M. V. Rodriguez ³², M. Rodríguez Cahuantzi ⁴⁴, K. Røed ¹⁹, R. Rogalev ¹⁴⁰, E. Rogochaya ¹⁴¹, D. Rohr ³², D. Röhrich ²⁰, S. Rojas Torres ³⁴, P. S. Rokita ¹³⁵, G. Romanenko ²⁵, F. Ronchetti ³², D. Rosales Herrera ⁴⁴, K. Roslon ¹³⁵, A. Rossi ⁵⁴, A. Roy ⁴⁸, S. Roy ⁴⁷, N. Rubini ⁵¹, J. A. Rudolph⁸³, D. Ruggiano ¹³⁵, R. Rui ²³, P. G. Russek ², A. Rustamov ⁸⁰, Y. Ryabov ¹⁴⁰, A. Rybicki ¹⁰⁵, L. C. V. Ryder ¹¹⁶, G. Ryu ⁷⁰, J. Ryu ¹⁶, W. Rzesa ^94,135, B. Sabiu ⁵¹, R. Sadek ⁷², S. Sadhu ⁴², S. Sadovsky ¹⁴⁰, A. Saha ³¹, S. Saha ⁷⁹, B. Sahoo ⁴⁸, R. Sahoo ⁴⁸, D. Sahu ⁶⁵, P. K. Sahu ⁶¹, J. Saini ¹³⁴, S. Sakai ¹²⁴, S. Sambyal ⁹⁰, D. Samitz ⁷⁴, I. Sanna ³², T. B. Saramela¹⁰⁸, D. Sarkar ⁸², V. Sarritzu ²², V. M. Sarti ⁹⁴, U. Savino ²⁴, S. Sawan ⁷⁹, E. Scapparone ⁵¹, J. Schambach ⁸⁶, H. S. Scheid ³², C. Schiaua ⁴⁵, R. Schicker ⁹³, F. Schlepper ^32,93, A. Schmah⁹⁶, C. Schmidt ⁹⁶, M. Schmidt⁹², N. V. Schmidt ⁸⁶, J. Schoengarth ⁶⁴, R. Schotter ⁷⁴, A. Schröter ³⁸, J. Schukraft ³², K. Schweda ⁹⁶, G. Scioli ²⁵, E. Scomparin ⁵⁶, J. E. Seger ¹⁴, Y. Sekiguchi¹²³, D. Sekihata ¹²³, M. Selina ⁸³, I. Selyuzhenkov ⁹⁶, S. Senyukov ¹²⁸, J. J. Seo ⁹³, D. Serebryakov ¹⁴⁰, L. Serkin ^65,‡‡, L. Šerkšnytė ⁹⁴, A. Sevcenco ⁶³, T. J. Shaba ⁶⁸, A. Shabetai ¹⁰¹, R. Shahoyan ³², B. Sharma ⁹⁰, D. Sharma ⁴⁷, H. Sharma ⁵⁴, M. Sharma ⁹⁰, S. Sharma ⁹⁰, T. Sharma ⁴¹, U. Sharma ⁹⁰, O. Sheibani ¹³⁶, K. Shigaki ⁹¹, M. Shimomura ⁷⁶, S. Shirinkin ¹⁴⁰, Q. Shou ³⁹, Y. Sibiriak ¹⁴⁰, S. Siddhanta ⁵², T. Siemiarczuk ⁷⁸, T. F. Silva ¹⁰⁸, W. D. Silva ¹⁰⁸, D. Silvermyr ⁷³, T. Simantathammakul ¹⁰³, R. Simeonov ³⁵, B. Singh ⁹⁰, B. Singh ⁹⁴, K. Singh ⁴⁸, R. Singh ⁷⁹, R. Singh ^54,96, S. Singh ¹⁵, V. K. Singh ¹³⁴, V. Singhal ¹³⁴, T. Sinha ⁹⁸, B. Sitar ¹³, M. Sitta ^132,56, T. B. Skaali ¹⁹, G. Skorodumovs ⁹³, N. Smirnov ¹³⁷, K. L. Smith ¹⁶, R. J. M. Snellings ⁵⁹, E. H. Solheim ¹⁹, C. Sonnabend ^32,96, J. M. Sonneveld ⁸³, F. Soramel ²⁷, A. B. Soto-Hernandez ⁸⁷, R. Spijkers ⁸³, C. Sporleder ¹¹⁵, I. Sputowska ¹⁰⁵, J. Staa ⁷³, J. Stachel ⁹³, L. L. Stahl ¹⁰⁸, I. Stan ⁶³, T. Stellhorn ¹²⁵, S. F. Stiefelmaier ⁹³, D. Stocco ¹⁰¹, I. Storehaug ¹⁹, N. J. Strangmann ⁶⁴, P. Stratmann ¹²⁵, S. Strazzi ²⁵, A. Sturniolo ^30,53, Y. Su⁶, A. A. P. Suaide ¹⁰⁸, C. Suire ¹³⁰, A. Suiu ¹¹¹, M. Sukhanov ¹⁴¹, M. Suljic ³², R. Sultanov ¹⁴⁰, V. Sumberia ⁹⁰, S. Sumowidagdo ⁸¹, N. B. Sundstrom ⁵⁹, L. H. Tabares ⁷, S. F. Taghavi ⁹⁴, J. Takahashi ¹⁰⁹, M. A. Talamantes Johnson ⁴⁴, G. J. Tambave ⁷⁹, Z. Tang ¹¹⁸, J. Tanwar ⁸⁹, J. D. Tapia Takaki ¹¹⁶, N. Tapus ¹¹¹, L. A. Tarasovicova ³⁶, M. G. Tarzila ⁴⁵, A. Tauro ³², A. Tavira García ¹³⁰, G. Tejeda Muñoz ⁴⁴, L. Terlizzi ²⁴, C. Terrevoli ⁵⁰, D. Thakur ²⁴, S. Thakur ⁴, M. Thogersen ¹⁹, D. Thomas ¹⁰⁶, N. Tiltmann ^32,125, A. R. Timmins ¹¹⁴, A. Toia ⁶⁴, R. Tokumoto⁹¹, S. Tomassini ²⁵, K. Tomohiro⁹¹, Q. Tong ⁶, N. Topilskaya ¹⁴⁰, V. V. Torres ¹⁰¹, A. Trifiró ^30,53, T. Triloki ⁹⁵, A. S. Triolo ^32,53, S. Tripathy ³², T. Tripathy ¹²⁶, S. Trogolo ²⁴, V. Trubnikov ³, W. H. Trzaska ¹¹⁵, T. P. Trzcinski ¹³⁵, C. Tsolanta¹⁹, R. Tu³⁹, A. Tumkin ¹⁴⁰, R. Turrisi ⁵⁴, T. S. Tveter ¹⁹, K. Ullaland ²⁰, B. Ulukutlu ⁹⁴, S. Upadhyaya ¹⁰⁵, A. Uras ¹²⁷, M. Urioni ²³, G. L. Usai ²², M. Vaid ⁹⁰, M. Vala ³⁶, N. Valle ⁵⁵, L. V. R. van Doremalen⁵⁹, M. van Leeuwen ⁸³, C. A. van Veen ⁹³, R. J. G. van Weelden ⁸³, D. Varga ⁴⁶, Z. Varga ¹³⁷, P. Vargas Torres ⁶⁵, M. Vasileiou ⁷⁷, O. Vázquez Doce ⁴⁹, O. Vazquez Rueda ¹¹⁴, V. Vechernin ¹⁴⁰, P. Veen ¹²⁹, E. Vercellin ²⁴, R. Verma ⁴⁷, R. Vértesi ⁴⁶, M. Verweij ⁵⁹, L. Vickovic ³³, Z. Vilakazi¹²², A. Villani ²³, C. J. D. Villiers ⁶⁸, A. Vinogradov ¹⁴⁰, T. Virgili ²⁸, M. M. O. Virta ¹¹⁵, A. Vodopyanov ¹⁴¹, M. A. Völkl ⁹⁹, S. A. Voloshin ¹³⁶, G. Volpe ³¹, B. von Haller ³², I. Vorobyev ³², N. Vozniuk ¹⁴¹, J. Vrláková ³⁶, J. Wan³⁹, C. Wang ³⁹, D. Wang ³⁹, Y. Wang ¹¹⁸, Y. Wang ³⁹, Y. Wang ⁶, Z. Wang ³⁹, F. Weiglhofer ^32,38, S. C. Wenzel ³², J. P. Wessels ¹²⁵, P. K. Wiacek ², J. Wiechula ⁶⁴, J. Wikne ¹⁹, G. Wilk ⁷⁸, J. Wilkinson ⁹⁶, G. A. Willems ¹²⁵, B. Windelband ⁹³, J. Witte ⁹³, M. Wojnar ², J. R. Wright ¹⁰⁶, C.-T. Wu ^6,27, W. Wu^94,39, Y. Wu ¹¹⁸, K. Xiong ³⁹, Z. Xiong¹¹⁸, L. Xu ^127,6, R. Xu ⁶, A. Yadav ⁴², A. K. Yadav ¹³⁴, Y. Yamaguchi ⁹¹, S. Yang ⁵⁸, S. Yang ²⁰, S. Yano ⁹¹, Z. Ye ⁷², E. R. Yeats ¹⁸, J. Yi ⁶, R. Yin³⁹, Z. Yin ⁶, I.-K. Yoo ¹⁶, J. H. Yoon ⁵⁸, H. Yu ¹², S. Yuan²⁰, A. Yuncu ⁹³, V. Zaccolo ²³, C. Zampolli ³², F. Zanone ⁹³, N. Zardoshti ³², P. Závada ⁶², B. Zhang ⁹³, C. Zhang ¹²⁹, L. Zhang ³⁹, M. Zhang ^126,6, M. Zhang ^27,6, S. Zhang ³⁹, X. Zhang ⁶, Y. Zhang¹¹⁸, Y. Zhang ¹¹⁸, Z. Zhang ⁶, V. Zherebchevskii ¹⁴⁰, Y. Zhi¹⁰, D. Zhou ⁶, Y. Zhou ⁸², J. Zhu ³⁹, S. Zhu^96,118, Y. Zhu⁶, A. Zingaretti ²⁷, S. C. Zugravel ⁵⁶, and N. Zurlo ^133,55 (ALICE Collaboration)

¹A.I. Alikhanyan National Science Laboratory (Yerevan Physics Institute) Foundation, Yerevan, Armenia
²AGH University of Krakow, Cracow, Poland
³Bogolyubov Institute for Theoretical Physics, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Kyiv, Ukraine
⁴Bose Institute, Department of Physics and Centre for Astroparticle Physics and Space Science (CAPSS), Kolkata, India
⁵California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo, California, USA
⁶Central China Normal University, Wuhan, China
⁷Centro de Aplicaciones Tecnológicas y Desarrollo Nuclear (CEADEN), Havana, Cuba
⁸Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados (CINVESTAV), Mexico City and Mérida, Mexico
⁹Chicago State University, Chicago, Illinois, USA
¹⁰China Nuclear Data Center, China Institute of Atomic Energy, Beijing, China
¹¹China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, China
¹²Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
¹³Comenius University Bratislava, Faculty of Mathematics, Physics and Informatics, Bratislava, Slovak Republic
¹⁴Creighton University, Omaha, Nebraska, USA
¹⁵Department of Physics, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, India
¹⁶Department of Physics, Pusan National University, Pusan, Republic of Korea
¹⁷Department of Physics, Sejong University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
¹⁸Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, California, USA
¹⁹Department of Physics, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
²⁰Department of Physics and Technology, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
²¹Dipartimento di Fisica, Università di Pavia, Pavia, Italy
²²Dipartimento di Fisica dell'Università and Sezione INFN, Cagliari, Italy
²³Dipartimento di Fisica dell'Università and Sezione INFN, Trieste, Italy
²⁴Dipartimento di Fisica dell'Università and Sezione INFN, Turin, Italy
²⁵Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia dell'Università and Sezione INFN, Bologna, Italy
²⁶Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia dell'Università and Sezione INFN, Catania, Italy
²⁷Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia dell'Università and Sezione INFN, Padova, Italy
²⁸Dipartimento di Fisica ‘E.R. Caianiello’ dell'Università and Gruppo Collegato INFN, Salerno, Italy
²⁹Dipartimento DISAT del Politecnico and Sezione INFN, Turin, Italy
³⁰Dipartimento di Scienze MIFT, Università di Messina, Messina, Italy
³¹Dipartimento Interateneo di Fisica ‘M. Merlin' and Sezione INFN, Bari, Italy
³²European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN), Geneva, Switzerland
³³Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Mechanical Engineering and Naval Architecture, University of Split, Split, Croatia
³⁴Faculty of Nuclear Sciences and Physical Engineering, Czech Technical University in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
³⁵Faculty of Physics, Sofia University, Sofia, Bulgaria
³⁶Faculty of Science, P.J. Šafárik University, Košice, Slovak Republic
³⁷Faculty of Technology, Environmental and Social Sciences, Bergen, Norway
³⁸Frankfurt Institute for Advanced Studies, Johann Wolfgang Goethe-Universität Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
³⁹Fudan University, Shanghai, China
⁴⁰Gangneung-Wonju National University, Gangneung, Republic of Korea
⁴¹Gauhati University, Department of Physics, Guwahati, India
⁴²Helmholtz-Institut für Strahlen- und Kernphysik, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, Bonn, Germany
⁴³Helsinki Institute of Physics (HIP), Helsinki, Finland
⁴⁴High Energy Physics Group, Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, Puebla, Mexico
⁴⁵Horia Hulubei National Institute of Physics and Nuclear Engineering, Bucharest, Romania
⁴⁶HUN-REN Wigner Research Centre for Physics, Budapest, Hungary
⁴⁷Indian Institute of Technology Bombay (IIT), Mumbai, India
⁴⁸Indian Institute of Technology Indore, Indore, India
⁴⁹INFN, Laboratori Nazionali di Frascati, Frascati, Italy
⁵⁰INFN, Sezione di Bari, Bari, Italy
⁵¹INFN, Sezione di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
⁵²INFN, Sezione di Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
⁵³INFN, Sezione di Catania, Catania, Italy
⁵⁴INFN, Sezione di Padova, Padova, Italy
⁵⁵INFN, Sezione di Pavia, Pavia, Italy
⁵⁶INFN, Sezione di Torino, Turin, Italy
⁵⁷INFN, Sezione di Trieste, Trieste, Italy
⁵⁸Inha University, Incheon, Republic of Korea
⁵⁹Institute for Gravitational and Subatomic Physics (GRASP), Utrecht University/Nikhef, Utrecht, Netherlands
⁶⁰Institute of Experimental Physics, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Košice, Slovak Republic
⁶¹Institute of Physics, Homi Bhabha National Institute, Bhubaneswar, India
⁶²Institute of Physics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
⁶³Institute of Space Science (ISS), Bucharest, Romania
⁶⁴Institut für Kernphysik, Johann Wolfgang Goethe-Universität Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
⁶⁵Instituto de Ciencias Nucleares, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
⁶⁶Instituto de Física, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brazil
⁶⁷Instituto de Física, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
⁶⁸iThemba LABS, National Research Foundation, Somerset West, South Africa
⁶⁹Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju, Republic of Korea
⁷⁰Korea Institute of Science and Technology Information, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
⁷¹Laboratoire de Physique Subatomique et de Cosmologie, Université Grenoble-Alpes, CNRS-IN2P3, Grenoble, France
⁷²Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California, USA
⁷³Lund University Department of Physics, Division of Particle Physics, Lund, Sweden
⁷⁴Marietta Blau Institute, Vienna, Austria
⁷⁵Nagasaki Institute of Applied Science, Nagasaki, Japan
⁷⁶Nara Women's University (NWU), Nara, Japan
⁷⁷National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, School of Science, Department of Physics, Athens, Greece
⁷⁸National Centre for Nuclear Research, Warsaw, Poland
⁷⁹National Institute of Science Education and Research, Homi Bhabha National Institute, Jatni, India
⁸⁰National Nuclear Research Center, Baku, Azerbaijan
⁸¹National Research and Innovation Agency - BRIN, Jakarta, Indonesia
⁸²Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
⁸³Nikhef, National institute for subatomic physics, Amsterdam, Netherlands
⁸⁴Nuclear Physics Group, STFC Daresbury Laboratory, Daresbury, United Kingdom
⁸⁵Nuclear Physics Institute of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Husinec-Řež, Czech Republic
⁸⁶Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, USA
⁸⁷Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
⁸⁸Physics department, Faculty of science, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
⁸⁹Physics Department, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India
⁹⁰Physics Department, University of Jammu, Jammu, India
⁹¹Physics Program and International Institute for Sustainability with Knotted Chiral Meta Matter (WPI-SKCM²), Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
⁹²Physikalisches Institut, Eberhard-Karls-Universität Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
⁹³Physikalisches Institut, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
⁹⁴Physik Department, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
⁹⁵Politecnico di Bari and Sezione INFN, Bari, Italy
⁹⁶Research Division and ExtreMe Matter Institute EMMI, GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung GmbH, Darmstadt, Germany
⁹⁷Saga University, Saga, Japan
⁹⁸Saha Institute of Nuclear Physics, Homi Bhabha National Institute, Kolkata, India
⁹⁹School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
¹⁰⁰Sección Física, Departamento de Ciencias, Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú, Lima, Peru
¹⁰¹SUBATECH, IMT Atlantique, Nantes Université, CNRS-IN2P3, Nantes, France
¹⁰²Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon City, Republic of Korea
¹⁰³Suranaree University of Technology, Nakhon Ratchasima, Thailand
¹⁰⁴Technical University of Košice, Košice, Slovak Republic
¹⁰⁵The Henryk Niewodniczanski Institute of Nuclear Physics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Cracow, Poland
¹⁰⁶The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, USA
¹⁰⁷Universidad Autónoma de Sinaloa, Culiacán, Mexico
¹⁰⁸Universidade de São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, Brazil
¹⁰⁹Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Brazil
¹¹⁰Universidade Federal do ABC, Santo Andre, Brazil
¹¹¹Universitatea Nationala de Stiinta si Tehnologie Politehnica Bucuresti, Bucharest, Romania
¹¹²University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
¹¹³University of Derby, Derby, United Kingdom
¹¹⁴University of Houston, Houston, Texas, USA
¹¹⁵University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
¹¹⁶University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas, USA
¹¹⁷University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
¹¹⁸University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
¹¹⁹University of Silesia in Katowice, Katowice, Poland
¹²⁰University of South-Eastern Norway, Kongsberg, Norway
¹²¹University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee, USA
¹²²University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
¹²³University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
¹²⁴University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
¹²⁵Universität Münster, Institut für Kernphysik, Münster, Germany
¹²⁶Université Clermont Auvergne, CNRS/IN2P3, LPC, Clermont-Ferrand, France
¹²⁷Université de Lyon, CNRS/IN2P3, Institut de Physique des 2 Infinis de Lyon, Lyon, France
¹²⁸Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, IPHC UMR 7178, F-67000 Strasbourg, France, Strasbourg, France
¹²⁹Université Paris-Saclay, Centre d'Etudes de Saclay (CEA), IRFU, Départment de Physique Nucléaire (DPhN), Saclay, France
¹³⁰Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS/IN2P3, IJCLab, Orsay, France
¹³¹Università degli Studi di Foggia, Foggia, Italy
¹³²Università del Piemonte Orientale, Vercelli, Italy
¹³³Università di Brescia, Brescia, Italy
¹³⁴Variable Energy Cyclotron Centre, Homi Bhabha National Institute, Kolkata, India
¹³⁵Warsaw University of Technology, Warsaw, Poland
¹³⁶Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, USA
¹³⁷Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
¹³⁸Yildiz Technical University, Istanbul, Turkey
¹³⁹Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
¹⁴⁰Affiliated with an institute formerly covered by a cooperation agreement with CERN
¹⁴¹Affiliated with an international laboratory covered by a cooperation agreement with CERN

^*Deceased.
^†Also at Max-Planck-Institut fur Physik, Munich, Germany.
^‡Also at Czech Technical University in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic.
^§Also at Instituto de Fisica da Universidade de Sao Paulo.
^∥Also at Dipartimento DET del Politecnico di Torino, Turin, Italy.
^¶Also at University College of Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.
^**Also at Department of Applied Physics, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, India.
^††Also at Institute of Theoretical Physics, University of Wroclaw, Wroclaw, Poland.
^‡‡Also at Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico.

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Phys. Rev. C 114, 024901 – Published 3 August, 2026

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1103/xtf2-bsc9

Abstract

(Multi-)strange particle production rates and transverse momentum distributions are measured at midrapidity $(| y | < 0.5)$ as a function of the charged-particle multiplicity density by the ALICE experiment at the CERN Large Hadron Collider (LHC), using proton-proton collisions at a center-of-mass energy of $\sqrt{s} = 5.02$ TeV. This study extends similar studies performed at $\sqrt{s} = 7$ TeV and $\sqrt{s} = 13$ TeV to a lower-energy regime, improving the statistical precision and extending the measurement to previously unexplored low-multiplicity regions. While $K_{S}^{0}$ , $Λ$ , and $Ξ$ yields can be described with a linear multiplicity dependence within uncertainties, the $Ω$ yields follow a significantly faster than linear increasing trend. For all analyzed particles, the overall production rate is consistent with that observed at higher energy and at similar multiplicity densities. Transverse momentum distributions are observed to evolve with multiplicity. Several state-of-the-art QCD-inspired Monte Carlo models have been compared with the data, testing some recently introduced features to address the findings at higher energies. Models can qualitatively describe the transverse momentum spectra and the $Λ / K_{S}^{0}$ spectral ratio only if collectivity is introduced in the evolution of the system.

Physics Subject Headings (PhySH)

Article Text

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Phys. Rev. C 114, 024901– Published 3 August, 2026

Vol. 114, Iss. 2 — August 2026

Received 24 November 2025
Accepted 21 May 2026

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1103/xtf2-bsc9

Published by the American Physical Society under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International license. Further distribution of this work must maintain attribution to the author(s) and the published article's title, journal citation, and DOI. Open access publication funded by CERN.

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Strangeness production as a function of charged-particle multiplicity in proton-proton collisions at $\sqrt{s} = 5.02 TeV$

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Strangeness production as a function of charged-particle multiplicity in proton-proton collisions at s=5.02 TeV

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Strangeness production as a function of charged-particle multiplicity in proton-proton collisions at $\sqrt{s} = 5.02 TeV$