Open Access

Dielectron production in central Pb-Pb collisions at $\sqrt{s_{N N}} = 5.02 TeV$

S. Acharya ¹²⁸, D. Adamová ⁸⁷, G. Aglieri Rinella ³³, M. Agnello ³⁰, N. Agrawal ⁵², Z. Ahammed ¹³⁶, S. Ahmad ¹⁶, S. U. Ahn ⁷², I. Ahuja ³⁸ et al. (ALICE Collaboration)

I. Ahuja ³⁸, A. Akindinov ¹⁴², M. Al-Turany ⁹⁸, D. Aleksandrov ¹⁴², B. Alessandro ⁵⁷, H. M. Alfanda ⁶, R. Alfaro Molina ⁶⁸, B. Ali ¹⁶, A. Alici ²⁶, N. Alizadehvandchali ¹¹⁷, A. Alkin ³³, J. Alme ²¹, G. Alocco ⁵³, T. Alt ⁶⁵, A. R. Altamura ⁵¹, I. Altsybeev ⁹⁶, J. R. Alvarado ⁴⁵, M. N. Anaam ⁶, C. Andrei ⁴⁶, N. Andreou ¹¹⁶, A. Andronic ¹²⁷, V. Anguelov ⁹⁵, F. Antinori ⁵⁵, P. Antonioli ⁵², N. Apadula ⁷⁵, L. Aphecetche ¹⁰⁴, H. Appelshäuser ⁶⁵, C. Arata ⁷⁴, S. Arcelli ²⁶, M. Aresti ²³, R. Arnaldi ⁵⁷, J. G. M. C. A. Arneiro ¹¹¹, I. C. Arsene ²⁰, M. Arslandok ¹³⁹, A. Augustinus ³³, R. Averbeck ⁹⁸, M. D. Azmi ¹⁶, H. Baba¹²⁵, A. Badalà ⁵⁴, J. Bae ¹⁰⁵, Y. W. Baek ⁴¹, X. Bai ¹²¹, R. Bailhache ⁶⁵, Y. Bailung ⁴⁹, A. Balbino ³⁰, A. Baldisseri ¹³¹, B. Balis ², D. Banerjee ⁴, Z. Banoo ⁹², R. Barbera ²⁷, F. Barile ³², L. Barioglio ⁹⁶, M. Barlou⁷⁹, B. Barman⁴², G. G. Barnaföldi ⁴⁷, L. S. Barnby ⁸⁶, V. Barret ¹²⁸, L. Barreto ¹¹¹, C. Bartels ¹²⁰, K. Barth ³³, E. Bartsch ⁶⁵, N. Bastid ¹²⁸, S. Basu ^76,∥, G. Batigne ¹⁰⁴, D. Battistini ⁹⁶, B. Batyunya ¹⁴³, D. Bauri⁴⁸, J. L. Bazo Alba ¹⁰², I. G. Bearden ⁸⁴, C. Beattie ¹³⁹, P. Becht ⁹⁸, D. Behera ⁴⁹, I. Belikov ¹³⁰, A. D. C. Bell Hechavarria ¹²⁷, F. Bellini ²⁶, R. Bellwied ¹¹⁷, S. Belokurova ¹⁴², Y. A. V. Beltran ⁴⁵, G. Bencedi ⁴⁷, S. Beole ²⁵, Y. Berdnikov ¹⁴², A. Berdnikova ⁹⁵, L. Bergmann ⁹⁵, M. G. Besoiu ⁶⁴, L. Betev ³³, P. P. Bhaduri ¹³⁶, A. Bhasin ⁹², M. A. Bhat ⁴, B. Bhattacharjee ⁴², L. Bianchi ²⁵, N. Bianchi ⁵⁰, J. Bielčík ³⁶, J. Bielčíková ⁸⁷, J. Biernat ¹⁰⁸, A. P. Bigot ¹³⁰, A. Bilandzic ⁹⁶, G. Biro ⁴⁷, S. Biswas ⁴, N. Bize ¹⁰⁴, J. T. Blair ¹⁰⁹, D. Blau ¹⁴², M. B. Blidaru ⁹⁸, N. Bluhme³⁹, C. Blume ⁶⁵, G. Boca ^22,56, F. Bock ⁸⁸, T. Bodova ²¹, A. Bogdanov¹⁴², S. Boi ²³, J. Bok ⁵⁹, L. Boldizsár ⁴⁷, M. Bombara ³⁸, P. M. Bond ³³, G. Bonomi ^135,56, H. Borel ¹³¹, A. Borissov ¹⁴², A. G. Borquez Carcamo ⁹⁵, H. Bossi ¹³⁹, E. Botta ²⁵, Y. E. M. Bouziani ⁶⁵, L. Bratrud ⁶⁵, P. Braun-Munzinger ⁹⁸, M. Bregant ¹¹¹, M. Broz ³⁶, G. E. Bruno ^97,32, M. D. Buckland ²⁴, D. Budnikov ¹⁴², H. Buesching ⁶⁵, S. Bufalino ³⁰, P. Buhler ¹⁰³, N. Burmasov ¹⁴², Z. Buthelezi ^69,124, A. Bylinkin ²¹, S. A. Bysiak¹⁰⁸, M. Cai ⁶, H. Caines ¹³⁹, A. Caliva ²⁹, E. Calvo Villar ¹⁰², J. M. M. Camacho ¹¹⁰, P. Camerini ²⁴, F. D. M. Canedo ¹¹¹, S. L. Cantway ¹³⁹, M. Carabas ¹¹⁴, A. A. Carballo ³³, F. Carnesecchi ³³, R. Caron ¹²⁹, L. A. D. Carvalho ¹¹¹, J. Castillo Castellanos ¹³¹, F. Catalano ^33,25, C. Ceballos Sanchez ¹⁴³, I. Chakaberia ⁷⁵, P. Chakraborty ⁴⁸, S. Chandra ¹³⁶, S. Chapeland ³³, M. Chartier ¹²⁰, S. Chattopadhyay ¹³⁶, S. Chattopadhyay ¹⁰⁰, T. Cheng ^98,6, C. Cheshkov ¹²⁹, B. Cheynis ¹²⁹, V. Chibante Barroso ³³, D. D. Chinellato ¹¹², E. S. Chizzali ^96,*, J. Cho ⁵⁹, S. Cho ⁵⁹, P. Chochula ³³, D. Choudhury⁴², P. Christakoglou ⁸⁵, C. H. Christensen ⁸⁴, P. Christiansen ⁷⁶, T. Chujo ¹²⁶, M. Ciacco ³⁰, C. Cicalo ⁵³, F. Cindolo ⁵², M. R. Ciupek⁹⁸, G. Clai^52,†, F. Colamaria ⁵¹, J. S. Colburn¹⁰¹, D. Colella ^97,32, M. Colocci ²⁶, M. Concas ³³, G. Conesa Balbastre ⁷⁴, Z. Conesa del Valle ¹³², G. Contin ²⁴, J. G. Contreras ³⁶, M. L. Coquet ¹³¹, P. Cortese ^134,57, M. R. Cosentino ¹¹³, F. Costa ³³, S. Costanza ^22,56, C. Cot ¹³², J. Crkovská ⁹⁵, P. Crochet ¹²⁸, R. Cruz-Torres ⁷⁵, P. Cui ⁶, A. Dainese ⁵⁵, M. C. Danisch ⁹⁵, A. Danu ⁶⁴, P. Das ⁸¹, P. Das ⁴, S. Das ⁴, A. R. Dash ¹²⁷, S. Dash ⁴⁸, A. De Caro ²⁹, G. de Cataldo ⁵¹, J. de Cuveland³⁹, A. De Falco ²³, D. De Gruttola ²⁹, N. De Marco ⁵⁷, C. De Martin ²⁴, S. De Pasquale ²⁹, R. Deb ¹³⁵, R. Del Grande ⁹⁶, L. Dello Stritto ²⁹, W. Deng ⁶, P. Dhankher ¹⁹, D. Di Bari ³², A. Di Mauro ³³, B. Diab ¹³¹, R. A. Diaz ^143,7, T. Dietel ¹¹⁵, Y. Ding ⁶, J. Ditzel ⁶⁵, R. Divià ³³, D. U. Dixit ¹⁹, Ø. Djuvsland²¹, U. Dmitrieva ¹⁴², A. Dobrin ⁶⁴, B. Dönigus ⁶⁵, J. M. Dubinski ¹³⁷, A. Dubla ⁹⁸, S. Dudi ⁹¹, P. Dupieux ¹²⁸, M. Durkac¹⁰⁷, N. Dzalaiova¹³, T. M. Eder ¹²⁷, R. J. Ehlers ⁷⁵, F. Eisenhut ⁶⁵, R. Ejima⁹³, D. Elia ⁵¹, B. Erazmus ¹⁰⁴, F. Ercolessi ²⁶, B. Espagnon ¹³², G. Eulisse ³³, D. Evans ¹⁰¹, S. Evdokimov ¹⁴², L. Fabbietti ⁹⁶, M. Faggin ²⁸, J. Faivre ⁷⁴, F. Fan ⁶, W. Fan ⁷⁵, A. Fantoni ⁵⁰, M. Fasel ⁸⁸, A. Feliciello ⁵⁷, G. Feofilov ¹⁴², A. Fernández Téllez ⁴⁵, L. Ferrandi ¹¹¹, M. B. Ferrer ³³, A. Ferrero ¹³¹, C. Ferrero ^57,‡, A. Ferretti ²⁵, V. J. G. Feuillard ⁹⁵, V. Filova ³⁶, D. Finogeev ¹⁴², F. M. Fionda ⁵³, E. Flatland³³, F. Flor ¹¹⁷, A. N. Flores ¹⁰⁹, S. Foertsch ⁶⁹, I. Fokin ⁹⁵, S. Fokin ¹⁴², E. Fragiacomo ⁵⁸, E. Frajna ⁴⁷, U. Fuchs ³³, N. Funicello ²⁹, C. Furget ⁷⁴, A. Furs ¹⁴², T. Fusayasu ⁹⁹, J. J. Gaardhøje ⁸⁴, M. Gagliardi ²⁵, A. M. Gago ¹⁰², T. Gahlaut⁴⁸, C. D. Galvan ¹¹⁰, D. R. Gangadharan ¹¹⁷, P. Ganoti ⁷⁹, C. Garabatos ⁹⁸, T. García Chávez ⁴⁵, E. Garcia-Solis ⁹, C. Gargiulo ³³, P. Gasik ⁹⁸, A. Gautam ¹¹⁹, M. B. Gay Ducati ⁶⁷, M. Germain ¹⁰⁴, A. Ghimouz¹²⁶, C. Ghosh¹³⁶, M. Giacalone ⁵², G. Gioachin ³⁰, P. Giubellino ^98,57, P. Giubilato ²⁸, A. M. C. Glaenzer ¹³¹, P. Glässel ⁹⁵, E. Glimos ¹²³, D. J. Q. Goh⁷⁷, V. Gonzalez ¹³⁸, P. Gordeev ¹⁴², M. Gorgon ², K. Goswami ⁴⁹, S. Gotovac³⁴, V. Grabski ⁶⁸, L. K. Graczykowski ¹³⁷, E. Grecka ⁸⁷, A. Grelli ⁶⁰, C. Grigoras ³³, V. Grigoriev ¹⁴², S. Grigoryan ^143,1, F. Grosa ³³, J. F. Grosse-Oetringhaus ³³, R. Grosso ⁹⁸, D. Grund ³⁶, N. A. Grunwald⁹⁵, G. G. Guardiano ¹¹², R. Guernane ⁷⁴, M. Guilbaud ¹⁰⁴, K. Gulbrandsen ⁸⁴, T. Gündem ⁶⁵, T. Gunji ¹²⁵, W. Guo ⁶, A. Gupta ⁹², R. Gupta ⁹², R. Gupta ⁴⁹, K. Gwizdziel ¹³⁷, L. Gyulai ⁴⁷, C. Hadjidakis ¹³², F. U. Haider ⁹², S. Haidlova ³⁶, H. Hamagaki ⁷⁷, A. Hamdi ⁷⁵, Y. Han ¹⁴⁰, B. G. Hanley ¹³⁸, R. Hannigan ¹⁰⁹, J. Hansen ⁷⁶, M. R. Haque ¹³⁷, J. W. Harris ¹³⁹, A. Harton ⁹, H. Hassan ¹¹⁸, D. Hatzifotiadou ⁵², P. Hauer ⁴³, L. B. Havener ¹³⁹, S. T. Heckel ⁹⁶, E. Hellbär ⁹⁸, H. Helstrup ³⁵, M. Hemmer ⁶⁵, T. Herman ³⁶, G. Herrera Corral ⁸, F. Herrmann¹²⁷, S. Herrmann ¹²⁹, K. F. Hetland ³⁵, B. Heybeck ⁶⁵, H. Hillemanns ³³, B. Hippolyte ¹³⁰, F. W. Hoffmann ⁷¹, B. Hofman ⁶⁰, G. H. Hong ¹⁴⁰, M. Horst ⁹⁶, A. Horzyk ², Y. Hou ⁶, P. Hristov ³³, C. Hughes ¹²³, P. Huhn⁶⁵, L. M. Huhta ¹¹⁸, T. J. Humanic ⁸⁹, A. Hutson ¹¹⁷, D. Hutter ³⁹, R. Ilkaev¹⁴², H. Ilyas ¹⁴, M. Inaba ¹²⁶, G. M. Innocenti ³³, M. Ippolitov ¹⁴², A. Isakov ^85,87, T. Isidori ¹¹⁹, M. S. Islam ¹⁰⁰, M. Ivanov ⁹⁸, M. Ivanov¹³, V. Ivanov ¹⁴², K. E. Iversen ⁷⁶, M. Jablonski ², B. Jacak ⁷⁵, N. Jacazio ²⁶, P. M. Jacobs ⁷⁵, S. Jadlovska¹⁰⁷, J. Jadlovsky¹⁰⁷, S. Jaelani ⁸³, C. Jahnke ¹¹¹, M. J. Jakubowska ¹³⁷, M. A. Janik ¹³⁷, T. Janson⁷¹, S. Ji ¹⁷, S. Jia ¹⁰, A. A. P. Jimenez ⁶⁶, F. Jonas ^88,127, D. M. Jones ¹²⁰, J. M. Jowett ^33,98, J. Jung ⁶⁵, M. Jung ⁶⁵, A. Junique ³³, A. Jusko ¹⁰¹, J. Kaewjai¹⁰⁶, P. Kalinak ⁶¹, A. S. Kalteyer ⁹⁸, A. Kalweit ³³, V. Kaplin ¹⁴², A. Karasu Uysal ^73,§, D. Karatovic ⁹⁰, O. Karavichev ¹⁴², T. Karavicheva ¹⁴², P. Karczmarczyk ¹³⁷, E. Karpechev ¹⁴², M. J. Karwowska ^33,137, U. Kebschull ⁷¹, R. Keidel ¹⁴¹, D. L. D. Keijdener⁶⁰, M. Keil ³³, B. Ketzer ⁴³, S. S. Khade ⁴⁹, A. M. Khan ¹²¹, S. Khan ¹⁶, A. Khanzadeev ¹⁴², Y. Kharlov ¹⁴², A. Khatun ¹¹⁹, A. Khuntia ³⁶, B. Kileng ³⁵, B. Kim ¹⁰⁵, C. Kim ¹⁷, D. J. Kim ¹¹⁸, E. J. Kim ⁷⁰, J. Kim ¹⁴⁰, J. S. Kim ⁴¹, J. Kim ⁵⁹, J. Kim ⁷⁰, M. Kim ¹⁹, S. Kim ¹⁸, T. Kim ¹⁴⁰, K. Kimura ⁹³, S. Kirsch ⁶⁵, I. Kisel ³⁹, S. Kiselev ¹⁴², A. Kisiel ¹³⁷, J. P. Kitowski ², J. L. Klay ⁵, J. Klein ³³, S. Klein ⁷⁵, C. Klein-Bösing ¹²⁷, M. Kleiner ⁶⁵, T. Klemenz ⁹⁶, A. Kluge ³³, A. G. Knospe ¹¹⁷, C. Kobdaj ¹⁰⁶, T. Kollegger⁹⁸, A. Kondratyev ¹⁴³, N. Kondratyeva ¹⁴², E. Kondratyuk ¹⁴², J. Konig ⁶⁵, S. A. Konigstorfer ⁹⁶, P. J. Konopka ³³, G. Kornakov ¹³⁷, M. Korwieser ⁹⁶, S. D. Koryciak ², A. Kotliarov ⁸⁷, V. Kovalenko ¹⁴², M. Kowalski ¹⁰⁸, V. Kozhuharov ³⁷, I. Králik ⁶¹, A. Kravčáková ³⁸, L. Krcal ^33,39, M. Krivda ^101,61, F. Krizek ⁸⁷, K. Krizkova Gajdosova ³³, M. Kroesen ⁹⁵, M. Krüger ⁶⁵, D. M. Krupova ³⁶, E. Kryshen ¹⁴², V. Kučera ⁵⁹, C. Kuhn ¹³⁰, P. G. Kuijer ^85,∥, T. Kumaoka¹²⁶, D. Kumar¹³⁶, L. Kumar ⁹¹, N. Kumar⁹¹, S. Kumar ³², S. Kundu ³³, P. Kurashvili ⁸⁰, A. Kurepin ¹⁴², A. B. Kurepin ¹⁴², A. Kuryakin ¹⁴², S. Kushpil ⁸⁷, V. Kuskov ¹⁴², M. J. Kweon ⁵⁹, Y. Kwon ¹⁴⁰, S. L. La Pointe ³⁹, P. La Rocca ²⁷, A. Lakrathok¹⁰⁶, M. Lamanna ³³, A. R. Landou ^74,116, R. Langoy ¹²², P. Larionov ³³, E. Laudi ³³, L. Lautner ^33,96, R. Lavicka ¹⁰³, R. Lea ^135,56, H. Lee ¹⁰⁵, I. Legrand ⁴⁶, G. Legras ¹²⁷, J. Lehrbach ³⁹, T. M. Lelek², R. C. Lemmon ^86,∥, I. León Monzón ¹¹⁰, M. M. Lesch ⁹⁶, E. D. Lesser ¹⁹, P. Lévai ⁴⁷, X. Li¹⁰, J. Lien ¹²², R. Lietava ¹⁰¹, I. Likmeta ¹¹⁷, B. Lim ²⁵, S. H. Lim ¹⁷, V. Lindenstruth ³⁹, A. Lindner⁴⁶, C. Lippmann ⁹⁸, D. H. Liu ⁶, J. Liu ¹²⁰, G. S. S. Liveraro ¹¹², I. M. Lofnes ²¹, C. Loizides ⁸⁸, S. Lokos ¹⁰⁸, J. Lömker ⁶⁰, P. Loncar ³⁴, X. Lopez ¹²⁸, E. López Torres ⁷, P. Lu ^98,121, F. V. Lugo ⁶⁸, J. R. Luhder ¹²⁷, M. Lunardon ²⁸, G. Luparello ⁵⁸, Y. G. Ma ⁴⁰, M. Mager ³³, A. Maire ¹³⁰, E. M. Majerz², M. V. Makariev ³⁷, M. Malaev ¹⁴², G. Malfattore ²⁶, N. M. Malik ⁹², Q. W. Malik²⁰, S. K. Malik ⁹², L. Malinina ^143,∥,¶, D. Mallick ^132,81, N. Mallick ⁴⁹, G. Mandaglio ^31,54, S. K. Mandal ⁸⁰, V. Manko ¹⁴², F. Manso ¹²⁸, V. Manzari ⁵¹, Y. Mao ⁶, R. W. Marcjan ², G. V. Margagliotti ²⁴, A. Margotti ⁵², A. Marín ⁹⁸, C. Markert ¹⁰⁹, P. Martinengo ³³, M. I. Martínez ⁴⁵, G. Martínez García ¹⁰⁴, M. P. P. Martins ¹¹¹, S. Masciocchi ⁹⁸, M. Masera ²⁵, A. Masoni ⁵³, L. Massacrier ¹³², O. Massen ⁶⁰, A. Mastroserio ^133,51, O. Matonoha ⁷⁶, S. Mattiazzo ²⁸, A. Matyja ¹⁰⁸, C. Mayer ¹⁰⁸, A. L. Mazuecos ³³, F. Mazzaschi ²⁵, M. Mazzilli ³³, J. E. Mdhluli ¹²⁴, Y. Melikyan ⁴⁴, A. Menchaca-Rocha ⁶⁸, J. E. M. Mendez ⁶⁶, E. Meninno ¹⁰³, A. S. Menon ¹¹⁷, M. Meres ¹³, S. Mhlanga^115,69, Y. Miake¹²⁶, L. Micheletti ³³, D. L. Mihaylov ⁹⁶, K. Mikhaylov ^143,142, A. N. Mishra ⁴⁷, D. Miśkowiec ⁹⁸, A. Modak ⁴, B. Mohanty⁸¹, M. Mohisin Khan ^16,**, M. A. Molander ⁴⁴, S. Monira ¹³⁷, C. Mordasini ¹¹⁸, D. A. Moreira De Godoy ¹²⁷, I. Morozov ¹⁴², A. Morsch ³³, T. Mrnjavac ³³, V. Muccifora ⁵⁰, S. Muhuri ¹³⁶, J. D. Mulligan ⁷⁵, A. Mulliri ²³, M. G. Munhoz ¹¹¹, R. H. Munzer ⁶⁵, H. Murakami ¹²⁵, S. Murray ¹¹⁵, L. Musa ³³, J. Musinsky ⁶¹, J. W. Myrcha ¹³⁷, B. Naik ¹²⁴, A. I. Nambrath ¹⁹, B. K. Nandi ⁴⁸, R. Nania ⁵², E. Nappi ⁵¹, A. F. Nassirpour ¹⁸, A. Nath ⁹⁵, C. Nattrass ¹²³, M. N. Naydenov ³⁷, A. Neagu²⁰, A. Negru¹¹⁴, E. Nekrasova¹⁴², L. Nellen ⁶⁶, R. Nepeivoda ⁷⁶, S. Nese ²⁰, G. Neskovic ³⁹, N. Nicassio ⁵¹, B. S. Nielsen ⁸⁴, E. G. Nielsen ⁸⁴, S. Nikolaev ¹⁴², S. Nikulin ¹⁴², V. Nikulin ¹⁴², F. Noferini ⁵², S. Noh ¹², P. Nomokonov ¹⁴³, J. Norman ¹²⁰, N. Novitzky ⁸⁸, P. Nowakowski ¹³⁷, A. Nyanin ¹⁴², J. Nystrand ²¹, M. Ogino ⁷⁷, S. Oh ¹⁸, A. Ohlson ⁷⁶, V. A. Okorokov ¹⁴², J. Oleniacz ¹³⁷, A. C. Oliveira Da Silva ¹²³, A. Onnerstad ¹¹⁸, C. Oppedisano ⁵⁷, A. Ortiz Velasquez ⁶⁶, J. Otwinowski ¹⁰⁸, M. Oya⁹³, K. Oyama ⁷⁷, Y. Pachmayer ⁹⁵, S. Padhan ⁴⁸, D. Pagano ^135,56, G. Paić ⁶⁶, S. Paisano-Guzmán ⁴⁵, A. Palasciano ⁵¹, S. Panebianco ¹³¹, H. Park ¹²⁶, H. Park ¹⁰⁵, J. Park ⁵⁹, J. E. Parkkila ³³, Y. Patley ⁴⁸, R. N. Patra⁹², B. Paul ²³, H. Pei ⁶, T. Peitzmann ⁶⁰, X. Peng ¹¹, M. Pennisi ²⁵, S. Perciballi ²⁵, D. Peresunko ¹⁴², G. M. Perez ⁷, Y. Pestov¹⁴², V. Petrov ¹⁴², M. Petrovici ⁴⁶, R. P. Pezzi ^104,67, S. Piano ⁵⁸, M. Pikna ¹³, P. Pillot ¹⁰⁴, O. Pinazza ^52,33, L. Pinsky¹¹⁷, C. Pinto ⁹⁶, S. Pisano ⁵⁰, M. Płoskoń ⁷⁵, M. Planinic⁹⁰, F. Pliquett⁶⁵, M. G. Poghosyan ⁸⁸, B. Polichtchouk ¹⁴², S. Politano ³⁰, N. Poljak ⁹⁰, A. Pop ⁴⁶, S. Porteboeuf-Houssais ¹²⁸, V. Pozdniakov ¹⁴³, I. Y. Pozos ⁴⁵, K. K. Pradhan ⁴⁹, S. K. Prasad ⁴, S. Prasad ⁴⁹, R. Preghenella ⁵², F. Prino ⁵⁷, C. A. Pruneau ¹³⁸, I. Pshenichnov ¹⁴², M. Puccio ³³, S. Pucillo ²⁵, Z. Pugelova¹⁰⁷, S. Qiu ⁸⁵, L. Quaglia ²⁵, S. Ragoni ¹⁵, A. Rai ¹³⁹, A. Rakotozafindrabe ¹³¹, L. Ramello ^134,57, F. Rami ¹³⁰, T. A. Rancien⁷⁴, M. Rasa ²⁷, S. S. Räsänen ⁴⁴, R. Rath ⁵², M. P. Rauch ²¹, I. Ravasenga ⁸⁵, K. F. Read ^88,123, C. Reckziegel ¹¹³, A. R. Redelbach ³⁹, K. Redlich ^80,††, C. A. Reetz ⁹⁸, H. D. Regules-Medel⁴⁵, A. Rehman²¹, F. Reidt ³³, H. A. Reme-Ness ³⁵, Z. Rescakova³⁸, K. Reygers ⁹⁵, A. Riabov ¹⁴², V. Riabov ¹⁴², R. Ricci ²⁹, M. Richter ²⁰, A. A. Riedel ⁹⁶, W. Riegler ³³, A. G. Riffero ²⁵, C. Ristea ⁶⁴, M. V. Rodriguez ³³, M. Rodríguez Cahuantzi ⁴⁵, S. A. Rodríguez Ramírez ⁴⁵, K. Røed ²⁰, R. Rogalev ¹⁴², E. Rogochaya ¹⁴³, T. S. Rogoschinski ⁶⁵, D. Rohr ³³, D. Röhrich ²¹, P. F. Rojas⁴⁵, S. Rojas Torres ³⁶, P. S. Rokita ¹³⁷, G. Romanenko ²⁶, F. Ronchetti ⁵⁰, A. Rosano ^31,54, E. D. Rosas⁶⁶, K. Roslon ¹³⁷, A. Rossi ⁵⁵, A. Roy ⁴⁹, S. Roy ⁴⁸, N. Rubini ²⁶, D. Ruggiano ¹³⁷, R. Rui ²⁴, P. G. Russek ², R. Russo ⁸⁵, A. Rustamov ⁸², E. Ryabinkin ¹⁴², Y. Ryabov ¹⁴², A. Rybicki ¹⁰⁸, H. Rytkonen ¹¹⁸, J. Ryu ¹⁷, W. Rzesa ¹³⁷, O. A. M. Saarimaki ⁴⁴, S. Sadhu ³², S. Sadovsky ¹⁴², J. Saetre ²¹, K. Šafařík ³⁶, P. Saha⁴², S. K. Saha ⁴, S. Saha ⁸¹, B. Sahoo ⁴⁸, B. Sahoo ⁴⁹, R. Sahoo ⁴⁹, S. Sahoo⁶², D. Sahu ⁴⁹, P. K. Sahu ⁶², J. Saini ¹³⁶, K. Sajdakova³⁸, S. Sakai ¹²⁶, M. P. Salvan ⁹⁸, S. Sambyal ⁹², D. Samitz ¹⁰³, I. Sanna ^33,96, T. B. Saramela¹¹¹, P. Sarma ⁴², V. Sarritzu ²³, V. M. Sarti ⁹⁶, M. H. P. Sas ³³, S. Sawan ⁸¹, J. Schambach ⁸⁸, H. S. Scheid ⁶⁵, C. Schiaua ⁴⁶, R. Schicker ⁹⁵, F. Schlepper ⁹⁵, A. Schmah⁹⁸, C. Schmidt ⁹⁸, H. R. Schmidt⁹⁴, M. O. Schmidt ³³, M. Schmidt⁹⁴, N. V. Schmidt ⁸⁸, A. R. Schmier ¹²³, R. Schotter ¹³⁰, A. Schröter ³⁹, J. Schukraft ³³, K. Schweda ⁹⁸, G. Scioli ²⁶, E. Scomparin ⁵⁷, J. E. Seger ¹⁵, Y. Sekiguchi¹²⁵, D. Sekihata ¹²⁵, M. Selina ⁸⁵, I. Selyuzhenkov ⁹⁸, S. Senyukov ¹³⁰, J. J. Seo ^95,59, D. Serebryakov ¹⁴², L. Šerkšnytė ⁹⁶, A. Sevcenco ⁶⁴, T. J. Shaba ⁶⁹, A. Shabetai ¹⁰⁴, R. Shahoyan³³, A. Shangaraev ¹⁴², A. Sharma⁹¹, B. Sharma ⁹², D. Sharma ⁴⁸, H. Sharma ⁵⁵, M. Sharma ⁹², S. Sharma ⁷⁷, S. Sharma ⁹², U. Sharma ⁹², A. Shatat ¹³², O. Sheibani¹¹⁷, K. Shigaki ⁹³, M. Shimomura⁷⁸, J. Shin¹², S. Shirinkin ¹⁴², Q. Shou ⁴⁰, Y. Sibiriak ¹⁴², S. Siddhanta ⁵³, T. Siemiarczuk ⁸⁰, T. F. Silva ¹¹¹, D. Silvermyr ⁷⁶, T. Simantathammakul¹⁰⁶, R. Simeonov ³⁷, B. Singh⁹², B. Singh ⁹⁶, K. Singh ⁴⁹, R. Singh ⁸¹, R. Singh ⁹², R. Singh ⁴⁹, S. Singh ¹⁶, V. K. Singh ¹³⁶, V. Singhal ¹³⁶, T. Sinha ¹⁰⁰, B. Sitar ¹³, M. Sitta ^134,57, T. B. Skaali²⁰, G. Skorodumovs ⁹⁵, M. Slupecki ⁴⁴, N. Smirnov ¹³⁹, R. J. M. Snellings ⁶⁰, E. H. Solheim ²⁰, J. Song ¹⁷, C. Sonnabend ^33,98, F. Soramel ²⁸, A. B. Soto-Hernandez ⁸⁹, R. Spijkers ⁸⁵, I. Sputowska ¹⁰⁸, J. Staa ⁷⁶, J. Stachel ⁹⁵, I. Stan ⁶⁴, P. J. Steffanic ¹²³, S. F. Stiefelmaier ⁹⁵, D. Stocco ¹⁰⁴, I. Storehaug ²⁰, P. Stratmann ¹²⁷, S. Strazzi ²⁶, A. Sturniolo ^31,54, C. P. Stylianidis⁸⁵, A. A. P. Suaide ¹¹¹, C. Suire ¹³², M. Sukhanov ¹⁴², M. Suljic ³³, R. Sultanov ¹⁴², V. Sumberia ⁹², S. Sumowidagdo ⁸³, S. Swain⁶², I. Szarka ¹³, M. Szymkowski ¹³⁷, S. F. Taghavi ⁹⁶, G. Taillepied ⁹⁸, J. Takahashi ¹¹², G. J. Tambave ⁸¹, S. Tang ⁶, Z. Tang ¹²¹, J. D. Tapia Takaki ¹¹⁹, N. Tapus¹¹⁴, L. A. Tarasovicova ¹²⁷, M. G. Tarzila ⁴⁶, G. F. Tassielli ³², A. Tauro ³³, A. Tavira García ¹³², G. Tejeda Muñoz ⁴⁵, A. Telesca ³³, L. Terlizzi ²⁵, C. Terrevoli ¹¹⁷, S. Thakur ⁴, D. Thomas ¹⁰⁹, A. Tikhonov ¹⁴², N. Tiltmann ¹²⁷, A. R. Timmins ¹¹⁷, M. Tkacik¹⁰⁷, T. Tkacik ¹⁰⁷, A. Toia ⁶⁵, R. Tokumoto⁹³, K. Tomohiro⁹³, N. Topilskaya ¹⁴², M. Toppi ⁵⁰, T. Tork ¹³², V. V. Torres ¹⁰⁴, A. G. Torres Ramos ³², A. Trifiró ^31,54, A. S. Triolo ^33,31,54, S. Tripathy ⁵², T. Tripathy ⁴⁸, S. Trogolo ³³, V. Trubnikov ³, W. H. Trzaska ¹¹⁸, T. P. Trzcinski ¹³⁷, A. Tumkin ¹⁴², R. Turrisi ⁵⁵, T. S. Tveter ²⁰, K. Ullaland ²¹, B. Ulukutlu ⁹⁶, A. Uras ¹²⁹, G. L. Usai ²³, M. Vala³⁸, N. Valle ²², L. V. R. van Doremalen⁶⁰, M. van Leeuwen ⁸⁵, C. A. van Veen ⁹⁵, R. J. G. van Weelden ⁸⁵, P. Vande Vyvre ³³, D. Varga ⁴⁷, Z. Varga ⁴⁷, P. Vargas Torres⁶⁶, M. Vasileiou ⁷⁹, A. Vasiliev ¹⁴², O. Vázquez Doce ⁵⁰, O. Vazquez Rueda ¹¹⁷, V. Vechernin ¹⁴², E. Vercellin ²⁵, S. Vergara Limón⁴⁵, R. Verma⁴⁸, L. Vermunt ⁹⁸, R. Vértesi ⁴⁷, M. Verweij ⁶⁰, L. Vickovic³⁴, Z. Vilakazi¹²⁴, O. Villalobos Baillie ¹⁰¹, A. Villani ²⁴, A. Vinogradov ¹⁴², T. Virgili ²⁹, M. M. O. Virta ¹¹⁸, V. Vislavicius⁷⁶, A. Vodopyanov ¹⁴³, B. Volkel ³³, M. A. Völkl ⁹⁵, K. Voloshin¹⁴², S. A. Voloshin ¹³⁸, G. Volpe ³², B. von Haller ³³, I. Vorobyev ⁹⁶, N. Vozniuk ¹⁴², J. Vrláková ³⁸, J. Wan⁴⁰, C. Wang ⁴⁰, D. Wang⁴⁰, Y. Wang ⁴⁰, Y. Wang ⁶, A. Wegrzynek ³³, F. T. Weiglhofer³⁹, S. C. Wenzel ³³, J. P. Wessels ¹²⁷, J. Wiechula ⁶⁵, J. Wikne ²⁰, G. Wilk ⁸⁰, J. Wilkinson ⁹⁸, G. A. Willems ¹²⁷, B. Windelband ⁹⁵, M. Winn ¹³¹, J. R. Wright ¹⁰⁹, W. Wu⁴⁰, Y. Wu ¹²¹, R. Xu ⁶, A. Yadav ⁴³, A. K. Yadav ¹³⁶, S. Yalcin ⁷³, Y. Yamaguchi ⁹³, S. Yang²¹, S. Yano ⁹³, Z. Yin ⁶, I.-K. Yoo ¹⁷, J. H. Yoon ⁵⁹, H. Yu¹², S. Yuan²¹, A. Yuncu ⁹⁵, V. Zaccolo ²⁴, C. Zampolli ³³, F. Zanone ⁹⁵, N. Zardoshti ³³, A. Zarochentsev ¹⁴², P. Závada ⁶³, N. Zaviyalov¹⁴², M. Zhalov ¹⁴², B. Zhang ⁶, C. Zhang ¹³¹, L. Zhang ⁴⁰, M. Zhang⁶, S. Zhang ⁴⁰, X. Zhang ⁶, Y. Zhang¹²¹, Z. Zhang ⁶, M. Zhao ¹⁰, V. Zherebchevskii ¹⁴², Y. Zhi¹⁰, D. Zhou ⁶, Y. Zhou ⁸⁴, J. Zhu ^55,6, Y. Zhu⁶, S. C. Zugravel ⁵⁷, and N. Zurlo ^135,56 (ALICE Collaboration)

¹A.I. Alikhanyan National Science Laboratory (Yerevan Physics Institute) Foundation, Yerevan, Armenia
²AGH University of Krakow, Cracow, Poland
³Bogolyubov Institute for Theoretical Physics, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Kiev, Ukraine
⁴Bose Institute, Department of Physics and Centre for Astroparticle Physics and Space Science (CAPSS), Kolkata, India
⁵California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo, California, USA
⁶Central China Normal University, Wuhan, China
⁷Centro de Aplicaciones Tecnológicas y Desarrollo Nuclear (CEADEN), Havana, Cuba
⁸Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados (CINVESTAV), Mexico City and Mérida, Mexico
⁹Chicago State University, Chicago, Illinois, USA
¹⁰China Institute of Atomic Energy, Beijing, China
¹¹China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, China
¹²Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
¹³Comenius University Bratislava, Faculty of Mathematics, Physics and Informatics, Bratislava, Slovak Republic
¹⁴COMSATS University Islamabad, Islamabad, Pakistan
¹⁵Creighton University, Omaha, Nebraska, USA
¹⁶Department of Physics, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, India
¹⁷Department of Physics, Pusan National University, Pusan, Republic of Korea
¹⁸Department of Physics, Sejong University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
¹⁹Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, California, USA
²⁰Department of Physics, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
²¹Department of Physics and Technology, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
²²Dipartimento di Fisica, Università di Pavia, Pavia, Italy
²³Dipartimento di Fisica dell'Università and Sezione INFN, Cagliari, Italy
²⁴Dipartimento di Fisica dell'Università and Sezione INFN, Trieste, Italy
²⁵Dipartimento di Fisica dell'Università and Sezione INFN, Turin, Italy
²⁶Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia dell'Università and Sezione INFN, Bologna, Italy
²⁷Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia dell'Università and Sezione INFN, Catania, Italy
²⁸Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia dell'Università and Sezione INFN, Padova, Italy
²⁹Dipartimento di Fisica ‘E.R. Caianiello’ dell'Università and Gruppo Collegato INFN, Salerno, Italy
³⁰Dipartimento DISAT del Politecnico and Sezione INFN, Turin, Italy
³¹Dipartimento di Scienze MIFT, Università di Messina, Messina, Italy
³²Dipartimento Interateneo di Fisica ‘M. Merlin' and Sezione INFN, Bari, Italy
³³European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN), Geneva, Switzerland
³⁴Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Mechanical Engineering and Naval Architecture, University of Split, Split, Croatia
³⁵Faculty of Engineering and Science, Western Norway University of Applied Sciences, Bergen, Norway
³⁶Faculty of Nuclear Sciences and Physical Engineering, Czech Technical University in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
³⁷Faculty of Physics, Sofia University, Sofia, Bulgaria
³⁸Faculty of Science, P.J. Šafárik University, Košice, Slovak Republic
³⁹Frankfurt Institute for Advanced Studies, Johann Wolfgang Goethe-Universität Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
⁴⁰Fudan University, Shanghai, China
⁴¹Gangneung-Wonju National University, Gangneung, Republic of Korea
⁴²Gauhati University, Department of Physics, Guwahati, India
⁴³Helmholtz-Institut für Strahlen- und Kernphysik, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, Bonn, Germany
⁴⁴Helsinki Institute of Physics (HIP), Helsinki, Finland
⁴⁵High Energy Physics Group, Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, Puebla, Mexico
⁴⁶Horia Hulubei National Institute of Physics and Nuclear Engineering, Bucharest, Romania
⁴⁷HUN-REN Wigner Research Centre for Physics, Budapest, Hungary
⁴⁸Indian Institute of Technology Bombay (IIT), Mumbai, India
⁴⁹Indian Institute of Technology Indore, Indore, India
⁵⁰INFN, Laboratori Nazionali di Frascati, Frascati, Italy
⁵¹INFN, Sezione di Bari, Bari, Italy
⁵²INFN, Sezione di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
⁵³INFN, Sezione di Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
⁵⁴INFN, Sezione di Catania, Catania, Italy
⁵⁵INFN, Sezione di Padova, Padova, Italy
⁵⁶INFN, Sezione di Pavia, Pavia, Italy
⁵⁷INFN, Sezione di Torino, Turin, Italy
⁵⁸INFN, Sezione di Trieste, Trieste, Italy
⁵⁹Inha University, Incheon, Republic of Korea
⁶⁰Institute for Gravitational and Subatomic Physics (GRASP), Utrecht University/Nikhef, Utrecht, Netherlands
⁶¹Institute of Experimental Physics, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Košice, Slovak Republic
⁶²Institute of Physics, Homi Bhabha National Institute, Bhubaneswar, India
⁶³Institute of Physics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
⁶⁴Institute of Space Science (ISS), Bucharest, Romania
⁶⁵Institut für Kernphysik, Johann Wolfgang Goethe-Universität Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
⁶⁶Instituto de Ciencias Nucleares, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
⁶⁷Instituto de Física, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brazil
⁶⁸Instituto de Física, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
⁶⁹iThemba LABS, National Research Foundation, Somerset West, South Africa
⁷⁰Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju, Republic of Korea
⁷¹Johann-Wolfgang-Goethe Universität Frankfurt Institut für Informatik, Fachbereich Informatik und Mathematik, Frankfurt, Germany
⁷²Korea Institute of Science and Technology Information, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
⁷³KTO Karatay University, Konya, Turkey
⁷⁴Laboratoire de Physique Subatomique et de Cosmologie, Université Grenoble-Alpes, CNRS-IN2P3, Grenoble, France
⁷⁵Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California, USA
⁷⁶Lund University Department of Physics, Division of Particle Physics, Lund, Sweden
⁷⁷Nagasaki Institute of Applied Science, Nagasaki, Japan
⁷⁸Nara Women's University (NWU), Nara, Japan
⁷⁹National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, School of Science, Department of Physics, Athens, Greece
⁸⁰National Centre for Nuclear Research, Warsaw, Poland
⁸¹National Institute of Science Education and Research, Homi Bhabha National Institute, Jatni, India
⁸²National Nuclear Research Center, Baku, Azerbaijan
⁸³National Research and Innovation Agency - BRIN, Jakarta, Indonesia
⁸⁴Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
⁸⁵Nikhef, National institute for subatomic physics, Amsterdam, Netherlands
⁸⁶Nuclear Physics Group, STFC Daresbury Laboratory, Daresbury, United Kingdom
⁸⁷Nuclear Physics Institute of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Husinec-Řež, Czech Republic
⁸⁸Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, USA
⁸⁹Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
⁹⁰Physics department, Faculty of science, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
⁹¹Physics Department, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India
⁹²Physics Department, University of Jammu, Jammu, India
⁹³Physics Program and International Institute for Sustainability with Knotted Chiral Meta Matter (SKCM2), Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
⁹⁴Physikalisches Institut, Eberhard-Karls-Universität Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
⁹⁵Physikalisches Institut, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
⁹⁶Physik Department, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
⁹⁷Politecnico di Bari and Sezione INFN, Bari, Italy
⁹⁸Research Division and ExtreMe Matter Institute EMMI, GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung GmbH, Darmstadt, Germany
⁹⁹Saga University, Saga, Japan
¹⁰⁰Saha Institute of Nuclear Physics, Homi Bhabha National Institute, Kolkata, India
¹⁰¹School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
¹⁰²Sección Física, Departamento de Ciencias, Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú, Lima, Peru
¹⁰³Stefan Meyer Institut für Subatomare Physik (SMI), Vienna, Austria
¹⁰⁴SUBATECH, IMT Atlantique, Nantes Université, CNRS-IN2P3, Nantes, France
¹⁰⁵Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon City, Republic of Korea
¹⁰⁶Suranaree University of Technology, Nakhon Ratchasima, Thailand
¹⁰⁷Technical University of Košice, Košice, Slovak Republic
¹⁰⁸The Henryk Niewodniczanski Institute of Nuclear Physics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Cracow, Poland
¹⁰⁹The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, USA
¹¹⁰Universidad Autónoma de Sinaloa, Culiacán, Mexico
¹¹¹Universidade de São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, Brazil
¹¹²Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Brazil
¹¹³Universidade Federal do ABC, Santo Andre, Brazil
¹¹⁴Universitatea Nationala de Stiinta si Tehnologie Politehnica Bucuresti, Bucharest, Romania
¹¹⁵University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
¹¹⁶University of Derby, Derby, United Kingdom
¹¹⁷University of Houston, Houston, Texas, USA
¹¹⁸University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
¹¹⁹University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas, USA
¹²⁰University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
¹²¹University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
¹²²University of South-Eastern Norway, Kongsberg, Norway
¹²³University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee, USA
¹²⁴University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
¹²⁵University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
¹²⁶University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
¹²⁷Universität Münster, Institut für Kernphysik, Münster, Germany
¹²⁸Université Clermont Auvergne, CNRS/IN2P3, LPC, Clermont-Ferrand, France
¹²⁹Université de Lyon, CNRS/IN2P3, Institut de Physique des 2 Infinis de Lyon, Lyon, France
¹³⁰Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, IPHC UMR 7178, F-67000 Strasbourg, France, Strasbourg, France
¹³¹Université Paris-Saclay, Centre d'Etudes de Saclay (CEA), IRFU, Départment de Physique Nucléaire (DPhN), Saclay, France
¹³²Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS/IN2P3, IJCLab, Orsay, France
¹³³Università degli Studi di Foggia, Foggia, Italy
¹³⁴Università del Piemonte Orientale, Vercelli, Italy
¹³⁵Università di Brescia, Brescia, Italy
¹³⁶Variable Energy Cyclotron Centre, Homi Bhabha National Institute, Kolkata, India
¹³⁷Warsaw University of Technology, Warsaw, Poland
¹³⁸Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, USA
¹³⁹Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
¹⁴⁰Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
¹⁴¹Zentrum für Technologie und Transfer (ZTT), Worms, Germany
¹⁴²Affiliated with an institute covered by a cooperation agreement with CERN
¹⁴³Affiliated with an international laboratory covered by a cooperation agreement with CERN

^*Also at Max-Planck-Institut fur Physik, Munich, Germany.
^†Also at Italian National Agency for New Technologies, Energy and Sustainable Economic Development (ENEA), Bologna, Italy.
^‡Also at Dipartimento DET del Politecnico di Torino, Turin, Italy.
^§Also at Yildiz Technical University, Istanbul, Türkiye.
^∥Deceased.
^¶Also at An institution covered by a cooperation agreement with CERN.
^**Also at Department of Applied Physics, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, India.
^††Also at Institute of Theoretical Physics, University of Wroclaw, Poland.

PDF

Phys. Rev. C 112, 054906 – Published 18 November, 2025

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1103/xl6m-vbqk

Abstract

The first measurement of the $e^{+} e^{-}$ pair production at midrapidity and low invariant mass in central Pb-Pb collisions at $\sqrt{s_{N N}} = 5.02 TeV$ at the Large Hadron Collider is presented. The yield of $e^{+} e^{-}$ pairs is compared with a cocktail of expected hadronic decay contributions in the invariant mass ( $m_{e e}$ ) and pair transverse momentum ( $p_{T, e e}$ ) ranges $m_{e e} < 3.5 GeV / c^{2}$ and $p_{T, e e} < 8 GeV / c$ . For $0.18 < m_{e e} < 0.5 GeV / c^{2}$ the ratio of data to the cocktail of hadronic contributions amounts to $1.40 \pm 0.11 (stat .) \pm 0.23 (syst .) \pm 0.16 (cocktail)$ and $1.42 \pm 0.11 (stat .) \pm 0.23 {(syst .)}_{- 0.29}^{+ 0.24} (cocktail)$ , including or not including medium effects in the estimation of the heavy-flavor background, respectively. It is consistent with predictions from two different models for an additional contribution of thermal $e^{+} e^{-}$ pairs from the hadronic and partonic phases. In the intermediate-mass range ( $1.2 < m_{e e} < 2.6 GeV / c^{2}$ ), the pair transverse impact parameter of the $e^{+} e^{-}$ pairs ( ${DCA}_{e e}$ , where “DCA” denotes “distance of closest approach”) is used for the first time in Pb-Pb collisions to separate displaced dielectrons from heavy-flavor hadron decays from a possible (thermal) contribution produced at the interaction point. The data are consistent with a suppression of $e^{+} e^{-}$ pairs from $c \bar{c}$ and an additional prompt component. Finally, the first direct-photon measurement in the 10% most central Pb-Pb collisions at $\sqrt{s_{N N}} = 5.02 TeV$ is reported via the study of virtual direct photons in the transverse momentum range $1 < p_{T} < 5 GeV / c$ . A model including prompt photons, as well as photons from the preequilibrium and fluid-dynamic phases, can reproduce the result, while being at the upper edge of the data uncertainties.

Physics Subject Headings (PhySH)

Article Text

References (124)

S. Acharya et al. (ALICE Collaboration), The ALICE experiment: A journey through QCD, Eur. Phys. J. C 84, 813 (2024).
A. Bazavov et al., The chiral and deconfinement aspects of the QCD transition, Phys. Rev. D 85, 054503 (2012).
S. Borsanyi, Z. Fodor, C. Hoelbling, S. D. Katz, S. Krieg, and K. K. Szabo, Full result for the QCD equation of state with 2+1 flavors, Phys. Lett. B 730, 99 (2014).
A. Bazavov et al. (HotQCD Collaboration), Chiral crossover in QCD at zero and non-zero chemical potentials, Phys. Lett. B 795, 15 (2019).
S. Borsanyi, Z. Fodor, J. N. Guenther, R. Kara, S. D. Katz, P. Parotto, A. Pasztor, C. Ratti, and K. K. Szabo, QCD crossover at finite chemical potential from lattice simulations, Phys. Rev. Lett. 125, 052001 (2020).
N. Bilic and H. Nikolic, Chiral symmetry restoration in the linear sigma model at nonzero temperature and baryon density, Eur. Phys. J. C 6, 515 (1999).
C. A. Dominguez, M. Loewe, and Y. Zhang, Chiral symmetry restoration and deconfinement in QCD at finite temperature, Phys. Rev. D 86, 034030 (2012); 90, 039903(E) (2014).
C. Gale, Photon production in hot and dense strongly interacting matter, Landolt-Bornstein 23, 445 (2010).
S. Turbide, C. Gale, S. Jeon, and G. D. Moore, Energy loss of leading hadrons and direct photon production in evolving quark-gluon plasma, Phys. Rev. C 72, 014906 (2005).
G.-Y. Qin, J. Ruppert, C. Gale, S. Jeon, and G. D. Moore, Jet energy loss, photon production, and photon-hadron correlations at RHIC, Phys. Rev. C 80, 054909 (2009).
J. I. Kapusta, P. Lichard, and D. Seibert, High-energy photons from quark-gluon plasma versus hot hadronic gas, Phys. Rev. D 44, 2774 (1991); 47, 4171(E) (1993).
S. Turbide, R. Rapp, and C. Gale, Hadronic production of thermal photons, Phys. Rev. C 69, 014903 (2004).
C. Gale, J.-F. Paquet, B. Schenke, and C. Shen, Multimessenger heavy-ion collision physics, Phys. Rev. C 105, 014909 (2022).
M. M. Aggarwal et al. (WA98 Collaboration), Observation of direct photons in central 158-A-GeV Pb-208 + Pb-208 collisions, Phys. Rev. Lett. 85, 3595 (2000).
S. S. Adler et al. (PHENIX Collaboration), Centrality dependence of direct photon production in $\sqrt{s_{NN}} = 200$ GeV $Au + Au$ collisions, Phys. Rev. Lett. 94, 232301 (2005).
A. Adare et al. (PHENIX Collaboration), Enhanced production of direct photons in Au+Au collisions at $\sqrt{s_{_{NN}}} = 200$ GeV and implications for the initial temperature, Phys. Rev. Lett. 104, 132301 (2010).
A. Adare et al. (PHENIX Collaboration), Observation of direct-photon collective flow in $\sqrt{s_{NN}} = 200$ GeV $Au + Au$ collisions, Phys. Rev. Lett. 109, 122302 (2012).
A. Adare et al. (PHENIX Collaboration), Centrality dependence of low-momentum direct-photon production in $Au + Au$ collisions at $\sqrt{s_{_{NN}}} = 200$ GeV, Phys. Rev. C 91, 064904 (2015).
N. J. Abdulameer et al. (PHENIX Collaboration), Nonprompt direct-photon production in Au+Au collisions at $\sqrt{S_{_{NN}}} = 200$ GeV, Phys. Rev. C 109, 044912 (2024).
A. Adare et al. (PHENIX Collaboration), Azimuthally anisotropic emission of low-momentum direct photons in $Au + Au$ collisions at $\sqrt{s_{_{NN}}} = 200$ GeV, Phys. Rev. C 94, 064901 (2016).
A. Adare et al. (PHENIX Collaboration), Beam energy and centrality dependence of direct-photon emission from ultrarelativistic heavy-ion collisions, Phys. Rev. Lett. 123, 022301 (2019).
N. J. Abdulameer et al. (PHENIX Collaboration), Low-pT direct-photon production in Au+Au collisions at $\sqrt{s_{_{NN}}} = 39$ and 62.4 GeV, Phys. Rev. C 107, 024914 (2023).
S. S. Adler et al. (PHENIX Collaboration), Measurement of direct photon production in $p + p$ collisions $\sqrt{s} = 200$ GeV, Phys. Rev. Lett. 98, 012002 (2007).
A. Adare et al. (PHENIX Collaboration), Direct-photon production in $p + p$ collisions at $\sqrt{s} = 200$ GeV at midrapidity, Phys. Rev. D 86, 072008 (2012).
A. Adare et al. (PHENIX Collaboration), Direct photon production in d+Au collisions at $\sqrt{s_{NN}} = 200$ GeV, Phys. Rev. C 87, 054907 (2013).
J.-F. Paquet, C. Shen, G. S. Denicol, M. Luzum, B. Schenke, S. Jeon, and C. Gale, Production of photons in relativistic heavy-ion collisions, Phys. Rev. C 93, 044906 (2016).
L. Adamczyk et al. (STAR Collaboration), Direct virtual photon production in $Au + Au$ collisions at $\sqrt{s_{NN}} = 200$ GeV, Phys. Lett. B 770, 451 (2017).
R. Chatterjee, H. Holopainen, I. Helenius, T. Renk, and K. J. Eskola, Elliptic flow of thermal photons from event-by-event hydrodynamic model, Phys. Rev. C 88, 034901 (2013).
C. Gale, Y. Hidaka, S. Jeon, S. Lin, J.-F. Paquet, R. D. Pisarski, D. Satow, V. V. Skokov, and G. Vujanovic, Production and elliptic flow of dileptons and photons in a matrix model of the quark-gluon plasma, Phys. Rev. Lett. 114, 072301 (2015).
R. Chatterjee, P. Dasgupta, and D. K. Srivastava, Anisotropic flow of thermal photons at energies available at the BNL Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider and at the CERN Large Hadron Collider, Phys. Rev. C 96, 014911 (2017).
O. Linnyk, V. Konchakovski, T. Steinert, W. Cassing, and E. L. Bratkovskaya, Hadronic and partonic sources of direct photons in relativistic heavy-ion collisions, Phys. Rev. C 92, 054914 (2015).
J. Adam et al. (ALICE Collaboration), Direct photon production in Pb-Pb collisions at $\sqrt{s_{NN}} = 2.76 TeV$ , Phys. Lett. B 754, 235 (2016).
S. Acharya et al. (ALICE Collaboration), Direct photon elliptic flow in Pb-Pb collisions at $\sqrt{s_{NN}} = 2.76 TeV$ , Phys. Lett. B 789, 308 (2019).
C. Shen, U. W. Heinz, J.-F. Paquet, and C. Gale, Thermal photons as a quark-gluon plasma thermometer reexamined, Phys. Rev. C 89, 044910 (2014).
R. Rapp and H. van Hees, Thermal dileptons as fireball thermometer and chronometer, Phys. Lett. B 753, 586 (2016).
R. Rapp, Dilepton spectroscopy of QCD matter at collider energies, Adv. High Energy Phys. 2013, 148253 (2013).
M. Coquet, X. Du, J.-Y. Ollitrault, S. Schlichting, and M. Winn, Intermediate mass dileptons as pre-equilibrium probes in heavy ion collisions, Phys. Lett. B 821, 136626 (2021).
M. Coquet, X. Du, J.-Y. Ollitrault, S. Schlichting, and M. Winn, Transverse mass scaling of dilepton radiation off a quark-gluon plasma, Nucl. Phys. A 1030, 122579 (2023).
R. D. Pisarski, Where does the $ρ$ go? Chirally symmetric vector mesons in the quark-gluon plasma, Phys. Rev. D 52, R3773 (1995).
P. M. Hohler and R. Rapp, Is $ρ$ -meson melting compatible with chiral restoration? Phys. Lett. B 731, 103 (2014).
A. Adare et al. (PHENIX Collaboration), Detailed measurement of the $e^{+} e^{-}$ pair continuum in $p + p$ and Au+Au collisions at $\sqrt{s_{N N}} = 200$ GeV and implications for direct photon production, Phys. Rev. C 81, 034911 (2010).
G. Agakichiev et al. (CERES/NA45 Collaboration), Low mass $e^{+} e^{-}$ pair production in 158/A-GeV Pb-Au collisions at the CERN SPS, its dependence on multiplicity and transverse momentum, Phys. Lett. B 422, 405 (1998).
D. Adamova et al. (CERES/NA45 Collaboration), Enhanced production of low mass electron pairs in 40-AGeV Pb-Au collisions at the CERN SPS, Phys. Rev. Lett. 91, 042301 (2003).
D. Adamova et al. (CERES Collaboration), Modification of the $ρ$ -meson detected by low-mass electron-positron pairs in central Pb-Au collisions at 158-A-GeV/c, Phys. Lett. B 666, 425 (2008).
R. Arnaldi et al. (NA60 Collaboration), Evidence for the production of thermal-like muon pairs with masses above 1 GeV/ $c^{2}$ in 158-A-GeV indium-indium collisions, Eur. Phys. J. C 59, 607 (2009).
R. Arnaldi et al. (NA60 Collaboration), First measurement of the $ρ$ spectral function in high-energy nuclear collisions, Phys. Rev. Lett. 96, 162302 (2006).
R. Arnaldi et al. (NA60 Collaboration), NA60 results on thermal dimuons, Eur. Phys. J. C 61, 711 (2009).
H. J. Specht (NA60 Collaboration), Thermal dileptons from hot and dense strongly interacting matter, AIP Conf. Proc. 1322, 1 (2010).
T. Renk and J. Ruppert, Dimuon transverse momentum spectra as a tool to characterize the emission region in heavy-ion collisions, Phys. Rev. C 77, 024907 (2008).
J. Ruppert, C. Gale, T. Renk, P. Lichard, and J. I. Kapusta, Low mass dimuons produced in relativistic nuclear collisions, Phys. Rev. Lett. 100, 162301 (2008).
A. Adare et al. (PHENIX Collaboration), Dielectron production in $Au + Au$ collisions at $\sqrt{s_{N N}}$ = 200 GeV, Phys. Rev. C 93, 014904 (2016).
L. Adamczyk et al. (STAR Collaboration), Dielectron mass spectra from Au+Au collisions at $\sqrt{s_{NN}} = 200$ GeV, Phys. Rev. Lett. 113, 022301 (2014); 113, 049903 (2014).
S. Acharya et al. (ALICE Collaboration), Measurement of dielectron production in central Pb-Pb collisions at $\sqrt{s_{N N}} = 2.76 TeV$ , Phys. Rev. C 99, 024002 (2019).
R. Rapp and J. Wambach, Low mass dileptons at the CERN SPS: Evidence for chiral restoration? Eur. Phys. J. A 6, 415 (1999).
H. van Hees and R. Rapp, Dilepton radiation at the CERN Super Proton Synchrotron, Nucl. Phys. A 806, 339 (2008).
R. Rapp, Signatures of thermal dilepton radiation at RHIC, Phys. Rev. C 63, 054907 (2001).
O. Linnyk, W. Cassing, J. Manninen, E. L. Bratkovskaya, and C. M. Ko, Analysis of dilepton production in Au+Au collisions at $\sqrt{s_{N N}} = 200$ GeV within the parton-hadron-string dynamics (PHSD) transport approach, Phys. Rev. C 85, 024910 (2012).
K. Aamodt et al. (ALICE Collaboration), The ALICE experiment at the CERN LHC, JINST 3, S08002 (2008).
B. Abelev et al. (ALICE Collaboration), Performance of the ALICE Experiment at the CERN LHC, Int. J. Mod. Phys. A 29, 1430044 (2014).
K. Aamodt et al. (ALICE Collaboration), Alignment of the ALICE Inner Tracking System with cosmic-ray tracks, JINST 5, P03003 (2010).
J. Alme et al., The ALICE TPC, a large 3-dimensional tracking device with fast readout for ultra-high multiplicity events, Nucl. Instrum. Meth. A 622, 316 (2010).
A. Akindinov et al., Performance of the ALICE Time-Of-Flight detector at the LHC, Eur. Phys. J. Plus 128, 44 (2013).
E. Abbas et al. (ALICE Collaboration), Performance of the ALICE VZERO system, J. Inst. 8, P10016 (2013).
G. Puddu et al., The zero degree calorimeters for the ALICE experiment, Nucl. Instrum. Meth. A 581, 397 (2007); 604, 765(E) (2009).
S. Acharya et al. (ALICE Collaboration), Centrality determination in heavy ion collisions, Report No. ALICE-PUBLIC-2018-011, 2018, http://cds.cern.ch/record/2636623
S. Acharya et al. (ALICE Collaboration), ALICE luminosity determination for $Pb − Pb$ collisions at $\sqrt{s_{N N}} = 5.02 TeV$ , J. Inst. 19, P02039 (2024).
S. Acharya et al. (ALICE Collaboration), Data-driven precision determination of the material budget in ALICE, J. Inst. 18, P11032 (2023).
S. Acharya et al. (ALICE Collaboration), Dielectron production at midrapidity at low transverse momentum in peripheral and semi-peripheral Pb-Pb collisions at ${\sqrt{s}}_{NN} = 5.02 TeV$ , J. High Energy Phys. 06 (2023) 024.
R. Shahoyan (NA60 Collaboration), Evidence for the production of thermal dimuons with masses above 1-GeV/ $c^{2}$ in 158A-GeV In-In collisions, Nucl. Phys. A 827, 353c (2009).
S. Acharya et al. (ALICE Collaboration), Dielectron production in proton–proton collisions at $\sqrt{s} = 7 TeV$ , J. High Energy Phys. 09 (2018) 064.
L. Adamczyk et al. (STAR Collaboration), Measurements of dielectron production in $Au + Au$ Collisions at $\sqrt{s_{NN}} = 200$ GeV from the STAR experiment, Phys. Rev. C 92, 024912 (2015).
R. Brun, F. Bruyant, M. Maire, A. C. McPherson, and P. Zanarini, geant 3: User's guide Geant3.10, Geant3.11; rev. version, CERN, Geneva, 1987, https://cds.cern.ch/record/1119728
X.-N. Wang and M. Gyulassy, HIJING: A Monte Carlo model for multiple jet production in pp, pA and AA collisions, Phys. Rev. D 44, 3501 (1991).
P. Golonka and Z. Was, PHOTOS Monte Carlo: A Precision tool for QED corrections in $Z$ and $W$ decays, Eur. Phys. J. C 45, 97 (2006).
P. Z. Skands, Tuning Monte Carlo generators: The Perugia tunes, Phys. Rev. D 82, 074018 (2010).
T. Sjöstrand, S. Mrenna, and P. Z. Skands, pythia6.4 physics and manual, J. High Energy Phys. 05 (2006) 026.
S. Acharya et al. (ALICE Collaboration), Momentum transformation matrix for dielectron simulations in Pb-Pb collisions at $\sqrt{s_{N N}} = 2.76 TeV$ , Report No. ALICE-PUBLIC-2017-011, 2017, http://cds.cern.ch/record/2289779
S. Acharya et al. (ALICE Collaboration), Production of charged pions, kaons, and (anti-)protons in Pb-Pb and inelastic $p p$ collisions at $\sqrt{s_{N N}} = 5.02 TeV$ , Phys. Rev. C 101, 044907 (2020).
S. Acharya et al. (ALICE Collaboration), Soft-dielectron excess in proton-proton collisions at $\sqrt{s} = 13 TeV$ , Phys. Rev. Lett. 127, 042302 (2021).
Y. Ren and A. Drees, Study of the $η$ to $π^{0}$ ratio in heavy-ion collisions, Phys. Rev. C 104, 054902 (2021).
B. Abelev et al. (ALICE Collaboration), Neutral pion and $η$ meson production in proton-proton collisions at $\sqrt{s} = 0.9 TeV$ and $\sqrt{s} = 7 TeV$ , Phys. Lett. B 717, 162 (2012).
S. Acharya et al. (ALICE Collaboration), $π^{0}$ and $η$ meson production in proton-proton collisions at $\sqrt{s} = 8 TeV$ , Eur. Phys. J. C 78, 263 (2018).
S. Acharya et al. (ALICE Collaboration), Neutral pion and $η$ meson production in p-Pb collisions at $\sqrt{s_{N N}} = 5.02 TeV$ , Eur. Phys. J. C 78, 624 (2018).
S. Acharya et al. (ALICE Collaboration), Production of $π^{0}$ and $η$ mesons up to high transverse momentum in pp collisions at $\sqrt{s} = 2.76 TeV$ , Eur. Phys. J. C 77, 339 (2017).
G. Agakichiev et al., Neutral meson production in p Be and p Au collisions at 450-GeV beam energy, Eur. Phys. J. C 4, 249 (1998).
S. Acharya et al. (ALICE Collaboration), Neutral pion and $η$ meson production at midrapidity in Pb-Pb collisions at $\sqrt{s_{N N}} = 2.76 TeV$ , Phys. Rev. C 98, 044901 (2018).
S. Acharya et al. (ALICE Collaboration), Evidence of rescattering effect in Pb-Pb collisions at the LHC through production of $K^{*} {(892)}^{0}$ and $ϕ (1020)$ mesons, Phys. Lett. B 802, 135225 (2020).
S. Acharya et al. (ALICE Collaboration), Prompt and non-prompt $J / ψ$ production at midrapidity in $Pb − Pb$ collisions at $\sqrt{s_{N N}} = 5.02 TeV$ , J. High Energy Phys. 02 (2024) 066.
S. Acharya et al. (ALICE Collaboration), Measurement of electrons from semileptonic heavy-flavour hadron decays at midrapidity in pp and Pb-Pb collisions at $\sqrt{s_{NN}} = 5.02 TeV$ , Phys. Lett. B 804, 135377 (2020).
K. J. Eskola, H. Paukkunen, and C. A. Salgado, EPS09: A new generation of NLO and LO nuclear parton distribution functions, J. High Energy Phys. 04 (2009) 065.
S. Acharya et al. (ALICE Collaboration), Dielectron production in proton-proton and proton-lead collisions at $\sqrt{s_{N N}} = 5.02 TeV$ , Phys. Rev. C 102, 055204 (2020).
P. Nason, A New method for combining NLO QCD with shower Monte Carlo algorithms, J. High Energy Phys. 11 (2004) 040.
S. Frixione, P. Nason, and G. Ridolfi, A Positive-weight next-to-leading-order Monte Carlo for heavy flavour hadroproduction, J. High Energy Phys. 09 (2007) 126.
S. Frixione, P. Nason, and C. Oleari, Matching NLO QCD computations with Parton Shower simulations: The powheg method, J. High Energy Phys. 11 (2007) 070.
S. Alioli, P. Nason, C. Oleari, and E. Re, A general framework for implementing NLO calculations in shower Monte Carlo programs: The powheg BOX, J. High Energy Phys. 06 (2010) 043.
R. L. Workman et al. (Particle Data Group Collaboration), Review of Particle Physics, Prog. Theor. Exp. Phys. 2022, 083C01 (2022).
S. Acharya et al. (ALICE Collaboration), Charm-quark fragmentation fractions and production cross section at midrapidity in pp collisions at the LHC, Phys. Rev. D 105, L011103 (2022).
S. Acharya et al. (ALICE Collaboration), Prompt $D^{0}, D^{+}$ , and $D^{* +}$ production in Pb-Pb collisions at $\sqrt{s_{N N}} = 5.02 TeV$ , J. High Energy Phys. 01 (2022) 174.
S. Acharya et al. (ALICE Collaboration), Constraining hadronization mechanisms with $Λ c+/D0$ production ratios in Pb-Pb collisions at sNN = 5.02 TeV, Phys. Lett. B 839, 137796 (2023).
T. Song, W. Cassing, P. Moreau, and E. Bratkovskaya, Open charm and dileptons from relativistic heavy-ion collisions, Phys. Rev. C 97, 064907 (2018).
G. J. Feldman and R. D. Cousins, A Unified approach to the classical statistical analysis of small signals, Phys. Rev. D 57, 3873 (1998).
O. Linnyk, E. L. Bratkovskaya, J. Manninen, and W. Cassing, Dilepton production from parton interactions in the early stage of relativistic heavy-ion collisions, J. Phys.: Conf. Ser. 312, 012010 (2011).
B. Abelev et al. (ALICE Collaboration), Upgrade of the ALICE Time Projection Chamber, Report No. CERN-LHCC-2013-020, 2013, https://cds.cern.ch/record/1622286
J. Adam et al. (ALICE Collaboration), Addendum to the technical design report for the upgrade of the ALICE Time Projection Chamber, Report No. CERN-LHCC-2015-002, 2015, https://cds.cern.ch/record/1984329
J. Adolfsson et al. (ALICE TPC Collaboration), The upgrade of the ALICE TPC with GEMs and continuous readout, J. Inst. 16, P03022 (2021).
P. Antonioli, A. Kluge, and W. Riegler, ALICE Collaboration, Upgrade of the ALICE Readout and Trigger System, Report No. CERN-LHCC-2013-019, 2013, https://cds.cern.ch/record/1603472
P. Buncic, M. Krzewicki, and P. Vande Vyvre, ALICE Collaboration, Technical design report for the upgrade of the online-offline computing system, Report No. CERN-LHCC-2015-006, 2015, https://cds.cern.ch/record/2011297
ALICE Collaboration, Upgrade of the Inner Tracking System conceptual design report. Conceptual design report for the upgrade of the ALICE ITS, Report No. CERN-LHCC-2012-013, 2012, https://cds.cern.ch/record/1475244
ALICE Collaboration, Expression of interest for an ALICE ITS upgrade in LS3, Report No. ALICE-PUBLIC-2018-013, 2018, http://cds.cern.ch/record/2644611
Z. Citron et al., Report from Working Group 5: Future physics opportunities for high-density QCD at the LHC with heavy-ion and proton beams, CERN Yellow Rep. Monogr. 7, 1159 (2019).
S. Acharya et al. (ALICE Collaboration), ALICE upgrades during the LHC Long Shutdown 2, J. Inst. 19, P05062 (2024).
N. M. Kroll and W. Wada, Internal pair production associated with the emission of high-energy gamma rays, Phys. Rev. 98, 1355 (1955).
S. Acharya et al. (ALICE Collaboration), Dielectron and heavy-quark production in inelastic and high-multiplicity proton-proton collisions at $\sqrt{s_{N N}} = 13 TeV$ , Phys. Lett. B 788, 505 (2019).
G. Lafferty and T. Wyatt, Where to stick your data points: The treatment of measurements within wide bins, Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res., Sect. A 355, 541 (1995).
P. Aurenche, M. Fontannaz, J. P. Guillet, B. A. Kniehl, E. Pilon, and M. Werlen, A Critical phenomenological study of inclusive photon production in hadronic collisions, Eur. Phys. J. C 9, 107 (1999).
K. Kovařík et al., ncteq15—Global analysis of nuclear parton distributions with uncertainties in the CTEQ framework, Phys. Rev. D 93, 085037 (2016).
L. Bourhis, M. Fontannaz, and J. P. Guillet, Quarks and gluon fragmentation functions into photons, Eur. Phys. J. C 2, 529 (1998).
B. Schenke, P. Tribedy, and R. Venugopalan, Fluctuating glasma initial conditions and flow in heavy ion collisions, Phys. Rev. Lett. 108, 252301 (2012).
B. Schenke, P. Tribedy, and R. Venugopalan, Event-by-event gluon multiplicity, energy density, and eccentricities in ultrarelativistic heavy-ion collisions, Phys. Rev. C 86, 034908 (2012).
A. Kurkela, A. Mazeliauskas, J.-F. Paquet, S. Schlichting, and D. Teaney, Matching the nonequilibrium initial stage of heavy ion collisions to hydrodynamics with QCD kinetic theory, Phys. Rev. Lett. 122, 122302 (2019).
A. Kurkela, A. Mazeliauskas, J.-F. Paquet, S. Schlichting, and D. Teaney, Effective kinetic description of event-by-event pre-equilibrium dynamics in high-energy heavy-ion collisions, Phys. Rev. C 99, 034910 (2019).
B. Schenke, S. Jeon, and C. Gale, (3+1)D hydrodynamic simulation of relativistic heavy-ion collisions, Phys. Rev. C 82, 014903 (2010).
J. Adam et al. (ALICE Collaboration), Centrality dependence of the charged-particle multiplicity density at midrapidity in Pb-Pb collisions at $\sqrt{s_{NN}} = 5.02 TeV$ , Phys. Rev. Lett. 116, 222302 (2016).
ALICE Collaboration, https://www.hepdata.net/record/ins2693299, 2025.

Phys. Rev. C 112, 054906– Published 18 November, 2025

Vol. 112, Iss. 5 — November 2025

Received 9 October 2023
Revised 16 April 2025
Accepted 13 August 2025

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1103/xl6m-vbqk

Published by the American Physical Society under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International license. Further distribution of this work must maintain attribution to the author(s) and the published article's title, journal citation, and DOI. Open access publication funded by CERN.

Physical Review C

Reuse & Permissions

Export citation

Export citation

Dielectron production in central Pb-Pb collisions at $\sqrt{s_{N N}} = 5.02 TeV$

Abstract

Physics Subject Headings (PhySH)

Article Text

References (124)

Outline

Information

Filter

Filter

Article Lookup

Enter a citation

Dielectron production in central Pb-Pb collisions at sNN=5.02TeV

Abstract

Physics Subject Headings (PhySH)

Article Text

References (124)

Dielectron production in central Pb-Pb collisions at $\sqrt{s_{N N}} = 5.02 TeV$