The cluster structure in light nuclei has been studied by using the extended quantum molecular dynamics model. It is found that the effective number of $\alpha$ clusters in Be, B, C, N, O, and F isotope generally decreases with increasing isospin asymmetry and chain molecular structure exists in non-$\alpha$ conjugate light nuclei from the detailed investigation of the obtained cluster structure. Investigations on the different cluster structures formed in the isotopes ${}^{8,9,10}\mathrm{Be}$, ${}^{9,10}\mathrm{B}$, and ${}^{10}\mathrm{C}$ indicate that the presence of molecular covalent bonds has a significant impact on the properties of cluster structures in light nuclei. These effects include the binding energy and stability, the height and position of the giant dipole resonance (GDR) peak of the $(\alpha +\alpha )$ substructure, and the final-state $\alpha$-particle multiplicity in nuclear reactions induced by these nuclei. There are significant differences in GDR spectra for clusters with different molecular covalent bonds. GDR peak positions decrease as the nucleon-nucleon distance distribution peaks increase, and these peaks are determined by the specific cluster structure. This relationship effectively describes not only the GDR spectral variations for spherical nuclei but also the trends and peak splitting phenomena observed in light nuclei with molecular structures.

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• Giant resonances
• Nuclear reactions
• Nuclear structure & decays
• 6 ≤ A ≤ 19
• Cluster models