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  • Letter
  • Open Access

Optimal collision-energy range for realizing macroscopic high-baryon-density matter

Hidetoshi Taya1,2,*, Asanosuke Jinno3,†, Masakiyo Kitazawa4,5,‡, and Yasushi Nara6,§

  • *Contact author: h_taya@keio.jp
  • †Contact author: jinno@ruby.scphys.kyoto-u.ac.jp
  • ‡Contact author: kitazawa@yukawa.kyoto-u.ac.jp
  • §Contact author: nara@aiu.ac.jp
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Phys. Rev. C 112, L011901 – Published 22 July, 2025

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1103/rpxm-fql8

Abstract

We investigate the volume and lifetime of the high-baryon-density matter created in heavy-ion collisions and estimate the optimal collision-energy range to realize the high-baryon-density region over a large space-time volume. We simulate central collisions of gold ions for the center-of-mass energy per nucleon pair sNN=2.4−19.6GeV with a microscopic transport model JAM. We discover that the optimal range is around sNN=3−5GeV, where a baryon density exceeding three times the normal nuclear density is realized with a substantially large space-time volume. Higher and lower energies are disfavored due to short lifetime and low density, respectively. We also point out that event-by-event fluctuations of the space-time density profile are large, indicating the importance of the event selection in the experimental analysis.

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Information

Phys. Rev. C 112, L011901– Published 22 July, 2025
  • Received 30 September 2024
  • Revised 19 December 2024
  • Accepted 18 June 2025
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