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Examining hadronic resonance dynamics at energies available at the CERN Large Hadron Collider: Insights from EPOS4

Vikash Sumberia1,*, Dukhishyam Mallick2,†, Sanjeev Singh Sambyal1, and Nasir Mehdi Malik1

  • *Contact author: vikash.sumberia@cern.ch
  • †Contact author: dukhishyam.mallick@cern.ch
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Phys. Rev. C 113, 015202 – Published 21 January, 2026

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1103/ppg6-q16m

Abstract

Hadronic resonances, with lifetimes of a few fm/c are key tools for studying the hadronic phase in high-energy collisions. This work investigates resonance production in pp collisions at s=13.6TeV and in Pb-Pb collisions at sNN=5.36TeV using the EPOS4 model. The EPOS4 model provides the capability of switching the Ultrarelativistic Quantum Molecular Dynamics (UrQMD) ON or OFF, allowing the study of final-state hadronic interactions in the hadronic phase. Although this study is primarily focused on understanding the production of hadronic resonances, we also investigate the production of strange and nonstrange hadrons in relation to rescattering, regeneration, baryon-to-meson production, and strangeness enhancement, using transverse momentum (pT) spectra and particle ratios. Rescattering effects and strangeness enhancement play an important role in the low-pT region, where soft, nonperturbative processes dominate particle production. At intermediate pT, the baryon-to-meson yield ratios show an enhancement, and the strong mass-dependent radial flow observed for baryons in the most central Pb-Pb collisions reflects the interplay between hadronization dynamics and collective effects. The average pT scaled with the reduced hadron mass (i.e., the mass divided by the number of valence quarks) is examined, revealing a deviation from a linear trend for short-lived resonances, attributed to hadronic phase effects. By analyzing the yield ratios of short-lived resonances to stable hadrons in pp and Pb-Pb collisions, the time duration (τ) of the hadronic phase as a function of average charged multiplicity is estimated. The results show that τ increases with increasing multiplicity and system size, also exhibiting a nonzero value for high-multiplicity pp collisions. It is found that the production of baryons such as nonstrange (p), strange (Λ), and multistrange (Ξ, Ω) in the most central Pb-Pb collisions is influenced by competing processes of strangeness enhancement and baryon-antibaryon annihilation. Comparing these findings with measurements at energies available at the CERN Large Hadron Collider offers valuable insights into the underlying dynamics of the hadronic phase and their production dynamics.

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Phys. Rev. C 113, 015202– Published 21 January, 2026
  • Received 25 January 2025
  • Revised 24 May 2025
  • Accepted 25 November 2025
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Published by the American Physical Society under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International license. Further distribution of this work must maintain attribution to the author(s) and the published article's title, journal citation, and DOI. Funded by SCOAP3.

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