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  • Open Access

Bayesian constraints on pre-equilibrium jet quenching and predictions for oxygen collisions

Daniel Pablos*

Adam Takacs†

  • Institute for Theoretical Physics, Heidelberg University, Philosophenweg 16, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany

  • *Contact author: pablosdaniel@uniovi.es
  • †Contact author: takacs@thphys.uni-heidelberg.de
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Phys. Rev. C 113, 044913 – Published 20 April, 2026

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1103/nw2z-pr7j

Abstract

The contrast between the as-yet unmeasurable energy-loss effects in proton-nucleus collisions and the striking magnitude of the so-called high-momentum flow coefficients challenges our understanding of jet quenching mechanisms in large nucleus-nucleus collisions when applied to smaller systems. Intermediate-sized, light ion collisions will offer key insight into the system-size dependence of the interplay between jet energy loss and jet flow effects. To make quantitative predictions, we extend a semianalytic jet quenching framework by coupling it to state-of-the-art event-by-event hydrodynamics and, for the first time, incorporate pre-equilibrium energy loss via the hydrodynamic attractor. A Bayesian analysis shows that an early-time onset of energy loss is compatible with BNL Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider and CERN Large Hadron Collider measurements of jet suppression and jet elliptic flow in large systems, as well as hadron suppression, with the exception of hadron elliptic flow. Using these constraints, we predict both hadron and jet quenching observables in oxygen-oxygen collisions, finding sizable energy loss that exceeds the no-quenching baseline.

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Phys. Rev. C 113, 044913– Published 20 April, 2026
  • Received 1 October 2025
  • Accepted 13 March 2026
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