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    Transport-based initial conditions for heavy-ion collisions at finite densities

    H. Roch1,*, G. Pihan2,†,‡, A. Monnai3,†, S. Ryu1,†, N. Senthilkumar1,†, J. Staudenmaier4, H. Elfner5,4,6, B. Schenke7, J. H. Putschke1 et al. (JETSCAPE Collaboration)

    J. H. Putschke1, C. Shen1,§, S. A. Bass8, M. Chartier9, Y. Chen10, R. Datta1, R. Dolan1, L. Du11,12,13, R. Ehlers11,12, R. J. Fries14,15, C. Gale13, D. A. Hangal16,1, B. V. Jacak11,12, P. M. Jacobs11,12, S. Jeon13, Y. Ji17, F. Jonas11,12, M. Kordell, II14,15, A. Kumar18, R. Kunnawalkam-Elayavalli10, J. Latessa19, Y.-J. Lee20,21, M. Luzum22, A. Majumder1, S. Mak17, A. Mankolli10, C. Martin23, H. Mehryar19, T. Mengel23, C. Nattrass23, J. Norman9, M. Ockleton9, C. Parker14,15, J.-F. Paquet10, G. Roland20,21, L. Schwiebert19, A. Sengupta14,15, M. Singh10, C. Sirimanna8, R. A. Soltz16,1, I. Soudi24,25, Y. Tachibana26, J. Velkovska10, G. Vujanovic18, X.-N. Wang27,11,12, X. Wu13, J. Zhang10, and W. Zhao11,12 (JETSCAPE Collaboration)

    • 1Department of Physics and Astronomy, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48201, USA
    • 2Department of Physics, University of Houston, 3507 Cullen Blvd, Houston, Texas 77204, USA
    • 3Department of General Education, Faculty of Engineering, Osaka Institute of Technology, Osaka 535-8585, Japan
    • 4Institute for Theoretical Physics, Goethe University, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
    • 5GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung, 64291 Darmstadt, Germany
    • 6Frankfurt Institute for Advanced Studies, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
    • 7Physics Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973, USA
    • 8Department of Physics, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, USA
    • 9Oliver Lodge Laboratory, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZU, United Kingdom
    • 10Department of Physics and Astronomy, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37235, USA
    • 11Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, California 94270, USA
    • 12Nuclear Science Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94270, USA
    • 13Department of Physics, McGill University, Montréal, Québec H3A 2T8, Canada
    • 14Cyclotron Institute, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, USA
    • 15Department of Physics and Astronomy, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, USA
    • 16Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
    • 17Department of Statistical Science, Duke University, Durham, North Carlina 27708, USA
    • 18Department of Physics, University of Regina, Regina, Saskatchewan S4S 0A2, Canada
    • 19Department of Computer Science, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48202, USA
    • 20Laboratory for Nuclear Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
    • 21Department of Physics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
    • 22Instituto de Fìsica, Universidade de São Paulo, C.P. 66318, 05315-970 São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
    • 23Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996, USA
    • 24Department of Physics, University of Jyväskylä, P.O. Box 35, FI-40014 University of Jyväskylä, Finland
    • 25Helsinki Institute of Physics, P.O. Box 64, FI-00014 University of Helsinki, Finland
    • 26Akita International University, Yuwa, Akita-city 010-1292, Japan
    • 27Key Laboratory of Quark and Lepton Physics (MOE) and Institute of Particle Physics, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, China

    • *Contact author: hendrik.roch@wayne.edu
    • †Associate Member of JETSCAPE.
    • ‡Contact author: gpihan@uh.edu
    • §Contact author: chunshen@wayne.edu

    Phys. Rev. C 113, 024907 – Published 13 February, 2026

    DOI: https://doi.org/10.1103/nvyy-kxhd

    Abstract

    We employ the SMASH transport model to provide event-by-event initial conditions for the energy-momentum tensor and conserved charge currents in hydrodynamic simulations of relativistic heavy-ion collisions. We study the fluctuations and dynamical evolution of three conserved charge currents (net baryon, net electric charges, and net strangeness) with a four-dimensional lattice-QCD-based equation of state, NEOS-4D, in the hydrodynamic phase. Out-of-equilibrium corrections at the particlization are generalized to finite densities to ensure the conservation of energy, momentum, and the three types of charges. These theoretical developments are integrated within the X-SCAPE code as a unified framework for studying the nuclear matter properties in the Beam Energy Scan program.

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