- Open Access
Time-like electromagnetic form factors of , and in a light-front quark model
Phys. Rev. C 113, 055501 – Published 12 May, 2026
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1103/nsvk-4sjg
Abstract
We use the light front quark model to investigate the form factors in the collision proceses with and . These form factor behaviors are calculated based on the Bethe-Salpeter formalism with to effectively account for nonvalence contributions. We show that our results of the -dependent form factors closely match the BESIII data. In particular, we obtain that ) and for with .
Physics Subject Headings (PhySH)
Article Text
References (47)
- G. E. Brown and M. Rho, Scaling effective Lagrangians in a dense medium, Phys. Rev. Lett. 66, 2720 (1991).
- W. K. Brooks, S. Strauch, and K. Tsushima, Medium modifications of hadron properties and partonic processes, J. Phys.: Conf. Ser. 299, 012011 (2011).
- K. Saito, K. Tsushima, and A. W. Thomas, Nucleon and hadron structure changes in the nuclear medium and impact on observables, Prog. Part. Nucl. Phys. 58, 1 (2007).
- N. Cabibbo and R. Gatto, Electron-positron colliding beam experiments, Phys. Rev. 124, 1577 (1961).
- P. Kroll, T. Pilsner, M. Schürmann, and W. Schweiger, On exclusive reactions in the time-like region, Phys. Lett. B 316, 546 (1993).
- R. Jakob, P. Kroll, M. Schürmann, and W. Schweiger, Octet-baryon form factors in the diquark model, Z. Phys. A 347, 109 (1993).
- R. L. Jaffeand and F. Wilczek, Diquarks and exotic spectroscopy, Phys. Rev. Lett. 91, 232003 (2003).
- F. Wilczek, Diquarks as inspiration and as objects, in From Fields to Strings: Circumnavigating Theoretical Physics, edited by Shifman Misha et al. (World Scientific, 2005), pp. 77–93.
- A. Selem and F. Wilczek, Hadron systematics and emergent diquarks, in New Trends in HERA Physics 2005 (World Scientific, 2006), pp. 337–356.
- S. Dobbs, K. K. Seth, A. Tomaradze, T. Xiao, and G. Bonvicini, Hyperon form factors and diquark correlations, Phys. Rev. D 96, 092004 (2017).
- S. Dobbs, A. Tomaradze, T. Xiao, K. K. Seth, and G. Bonvicini, First measurements of timelike form factors of the hyperons, , and , and evidence of diquark correlations, Phys. Lett. B 739, 90 (2014).
- S. Pacetti, R. Baldini Ferroli, and E. Tomasi-Gustafsson, Proton electromagnetic form factors: Basic notions, present achievements and future perspectives, Phys. Rep. 550-551, 1 (2015).
- B. Aubert et al. (BABAR Collaboration), Study of using initial state radiation with BABAR, Phys. Rev. D 73, 012005 (2006).
- K. K. Seth, S. Dobbs, Z. Metreveli, A. Tomaradze, T. Xiao, and G. Bonvicini, Electromagnetic structure of the proton, pion, and kaon by high-precision form factor measurements at large timelike momentum transfers, Phys. Rev. Lett. 110, 022002 (2013).
- K. Schonning and C. Li, Future perspectives on baryon form factor measurements with BES III, EPJ Web Conf. 137, 12002 (2017).
- C. Li (BESIII Collaboration), Measurements of baryon form factors at BESIII, J. Phys.: Conf. Ser. 742, 012020 (2016).
- M. Ablikim et al. (BESIII Collaboration), Measurement of the proton form factor by studying , Phys. Rev. D 91, 112004 (2015).
- M. Ablikim et al. (BESIII Collaboration), Future physics programme of BESIII, Chin. Phys. C 44, 040001 (2020).
- M. Ablikim et al. (BESIII Collaboration), Complete measurement of the electromagnetic form factors, Phys. Rev. Lett. 123, 122003 (2019).
- M. Ablikim et al. (BESIII Collaboration), Determination of the timelike electromagnetic form factors, Phys. Rev. Lett. 132, 081904 (2024).
- G. Ramalho, M. T. Pena, and K. Tsushima, Hyperon electromagnetic timelike elastic form factors at large , Phys. Rev. D 101, 014014 (2020).
- B. Aubert et al. (BABAR Collaboration), Study of using initial state radiation with BABAR, Phys. Rev. D 76, 092006 (2007).
- M. Ablikim et al. (BESIII Collaboration), Search for baryonic decays of and , Phys. Rev. D 87, 112011 (2013).
- M. Ablikim et al. (BESIII Collaboration), Observation of a cross-section enhancement near mass threshold in , Phys. Rev. D 97, 032013 (2018).
- I. G. Aznauryan, A. Bashir, V. Braun, S. J. Brodsky, V. D. Burkert, L. Chang, C. Chen, B. El-Bennich, I. C. Cloet, P. L. Cole et al., Studies of nucleon resonance structure in exclusive meson electroproduction, Int. J. Mod. Phys. E 22, 1330015 (2013).
- I. G. Aznauryan and V. D. Burkert, Electroexcitation of nucleon resonances, Prog. Part. Nucl. Phys. 67, 1 (2012).
- G. Ramalho and M. T. Pena, Electromagnetic transition form factors of baryon resonances, Prog. Part. Nucl. Phys. 136, 104097 (2024).
- S. J. Brodsky and D. S. Hwang, Exact light-cone wavefunction representation of matrix elements of electroweak currents, Nucl. Phys. B 543, 239 (1999); C. R. Ji and H. M. Choi, New effective treatment of the light-front nonvalence contribution in timelike exclusive processes, Phys. Lett. B 513, 330 (2001).
- C. R. Ji and H. M. Choi, New progress in time-like exclusive processes, arXiv:hep-ph/0105248v3; Invited talk presented at the “2001 Physics at intermediate energies workshop”, Stanford, CA, April 30–May 2, 2001, eConf C010430:T23, arXiv:hep-ph/0105248.
- H. M. Choi, C. R. Ji, and L. S. Kisslinger, Skewed quark distribution of the pion in the light-front quark model, Phys. Rev. D 64, 093006 (2001).
- C.-C. Lih and C.-Q. Geng, Semileptonic decays of in light-front quark model with nonvalence contributions, Phys. Rev. D 112, 076023 (2025).
- A. Denig and G. Salme, Nucleon electromagnetic form factors in the timelike region, Prog. Part. Nucl. Phys. 68, 113 (2013).
- A. Zichichi, S. M. Berman, N. Cabibbo, and R. Gatto, Proton-antiproton annihilation into electrons, muons and vector bosons, IL Nuovo Cimento 24, 170 (1962).
- H. G. Dosch, M. Jamin, and B. Stech, Diquarks, QCD sum rules, and weak decays, Z. Phys. C 42, 167 (1989).
- H. J. Melosh, Quarks: Currents and constituents, Phys. Rev. D 9, 1095 (1974).
- Z. X. Zhao, Weak decays of heavy baryons in the light-front approach, Chin. Phys. C 42, 093101 (2018).
- S. Tawfiq, P. J. O'Donnell, and J. G. Korner, Charmed baryon strong coupling constants in a light-front quark model, Phys. Rev. D 58, 054010 (1998).
- H.-C. Pauli, A compendium of light-cone quantization, Nucl. Phys. Proc. Suppl. 90, 259 (2000).
- G. P. Lepage and S. J. Brodsky, Exclusive processes in perturbative quantum chromodynamics, Phys. Rev. D 22, 2157 (1980).
- F. Schlumpf, Relativistic constituent quark model of electroweak properties of baryons, Phys. Rev. D 47, 4114 (1993); 49, 6246(E) (1994).
- B. L. G. Bakker and C.-R. Ji, Disentangling intertwined embedded states and spin effects in light-front quantization, Phys. Rev. D 62, 074014 (2000); B. L. G. Bakker, H.-M. Choi, and C.-R. Ji, Regularizing the divergent structure of light-front currents, ibid. 63, 074014 (2001).
- S. J. Brodsky, C.-R. Ji, and M. Sawicki, Evolution equation and relativistic bound-state wave functions for scalar-field models in four and six dimensions, Phys. Rev. D 32, 1530 (1985).
- J. H. O. Sales, T. Frederico, B. V. Carlson, and P. U. Sauer, Light-front Bethe-Salpeter equation, Phys. Rev. C 61, 044003 (2000).
- H. M. Choi, C. R. Ji, and L. S. Kisslinger, Light-front quark model analysis of rare decays, Phys. Rev. D 65, 074032 (2002).
- M. Ablikim et al. (BESIII Collaboration), Measurement of the cross section for and evidence of the decay , Phys. Rev. D 104, L091104 (2021); Measurement of the cross section from threshold to 3.00 GeV using events with initial-state radiation, 107, 072005 (2023).
- M. Ablikim et al. (BESIII Collaboration), Measurement of Born cross section of at center-of-mass energies between 3.510 and 4.951 GeV, J. High Energy Phys. 05 (2024) 22; Measurements of electromagnetic form factors in the timelike region using the untagged initial-state radiation technique, Phys. Rev. D 109, 034029 (2024).
- M. Ablikim et al. (BESIII Collaboration), Measurement of the cross section for and observation of an excited baryon, Phys. Rev. Lett. 124, 032002 (2020); Measurement of the cross section of at center-of-mass energies between 3.510 and 4.843 GeV, J. High Energy Phys. 11 (2023) 228.