Open Access

Accessing the deuteron source with pion-deuteron femtoscopy in Pb-Pb collisions at $\sqrt{s_{N N}} = 5.02$ TeV

S. Acharya ⁵⁰, A. Agarwal¹³³, G. Aglieri Rinella ³², L. Aglietta ²⁴, M. Agnello ²⁹, N. Agrawal ²⁵, Z. Ahammed ¹³³, S. Ahmad ¹⁵, S. U. Ahn ⁷¹ et al. (ALICE Collaboration)

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Barth ³², E. Bartsch ⁶⁴, N. Bastid ¹²⁵, S. Basu ⁷⁴, G. Batigne ¹⁰², D. Battistini ⁹⁴, B. Batyunya ¹⁴⁰, D. Bauri⁴⁷, J. L. Bazo Alba ¹⁰⁰, I. G. Bearden ⁸², P. Becht ⁹⁶, D. Behera ⁴⁸, I. Belikov ¹²⁷, A. D. C. Bell Hechavarria ¹²⁴, F. Bellini ²⁵, R. Bellwied ¹¹⁴, S. Belokurova ¹³⁹, L. G. E. Beltran ¹⁰⁸, Y. A. V. Beltran ⁴⁴, G. Bencedi ⁴⁶, A. Bensaoula¹¹⁴, S. Beole ²⁴, Y. Berdnikov ¹³⁹, A. Berdnikova ⁹³, L. Bergmann ⁹³, L. Bernardinis²³, L. Betev ³², P. P. Bhaduri ¹³³, A. Bhasin ⁹⁰, B. Bhattacharjee ⁴¹, S. Bhattarai¹¹⁶, L. Bianchi ²⁴, J. Bielčík ³⁴, J. Bielčíková ⁸⁵, A. P. Bigot ¹²⁷, A. Bilandzic ⁹⁴, A. Binoy ¹¹⁶, G. Biro ⁴⁶, S. Biswas ⁴, N. Bize ¹⁰², D. Blau ¹³⁹, M. B. Blidaru ⁹⁶, N. Bluhme³⁸, C. Blume ⁶⁴, F. Bock ⁸⁶, T. Bodova ²⁰, J. Bok ¹⁶, L. Boldizsár ⁴⁶, M. Bombara ³⁶, P. M. Bond ³², G. Bonomi ^132,55, H. Borel ¹²⁸, A. Borissov ¹³⁹, A. G. Borquez Carcamo ⁹³, E. Botta ²⁴, Y. E. M. Bouziani ⁶⁴, D. C. Brandibur ⁶³, L. Bratrud ⁶⁴, P. Braun-Munzinger ⁹⁶, M. Bregant ¹⁰⁹, M. Broz ³⁴, G. E. 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Miśkowiec ⁹⁶, A. Modak ^57,132, B. Mohanty ⁷⁹, M. Mohisin Khan ^15,¶, M. A. Molander ⁴³, M. M. Mondal ⁷⁹, S. Monira ¹³⁴, C. Mordasini ¹¹⁵, D. A. Moreira De Godoy ¹²⁴, I. Morozov ¹³⁹, A. Morsch ³², T. Mrnjavac ³², V. Muccifora ⁴⁹, S. Muhuri ¹³³, A. Mulliri ²², M. G. Munhoz ¹⁰⁹, R. H. Munzer ⁶⁴, H. Murakami ¹²², L. Musa ³², J. Musinsky ⁶⁰, J. W. Myrcha ¹³⁴, N. B. Sundstrom⁵⁹, B. Naik ¹²¹, A. I. Nambrath ¹⁸, B. K. Nandi ⁴⁷, R. Nania ⁵¹, E. Nappi ⁵⁰, A. F. Nassirpour ¹⁷, V. Nastase¹¹², A. Nath ⁹³, N. F. Nathanson⁸², C. Nattrass ¹²⁰, K. Naumov¹⁸, M. N. Naydenov ³⁵, A. Neagu¹⁹, L. Nellen ⁶⁵, R. Nepeivoda ⁷⁴, S. Nese ¹⁹, N. Nicassio ³¹, B. S. Nielsen ⁸², E. G. Nielsen ⁸², S. Nikolaev ¹³⁹, V. Nikulin ¹³⁹, F. Noferini ⁵¹, S. Noh ¹², P. Nomokonov ¹⁴⁰, J. Norman ¹¹⁷, N. Novitzky ⁸⁶, J. Nystrand ²⁰, M. R. Ockleton¹¹⁷, M. Ogino ⁷⁵, S. Oh ¹⁷, A. Ohlson ⁷⁴, V. A. Okorokov ¹³⁹, J. Oleniacz ¹³⁴, C. Oppedisano ⁵⁶, A. Ortiz Velasquez ⁶⁵, J. Otwinowski ¹⁰⁶, M. Oya⁹¹, K. Oyama ⁷⁵, S. Padhan ⁴⁷, D. Pagano ^132,55, G. Paić ⁶⁵, S. Paisano-Guzmán ⁴⁴, A. Palasciano ⁵⁰, I. Panasenko⁷⁴, S. Panebianco ¹²⁸, P. Panigrahi ⁴⁷, C. Pantouvakis ²⁷, H. Park ¹²³, J. Park ¹²³, S. Park ¹⁰³, J. E. Parkkila ³², Y. Patley ⁴⁷, R. N. Patra⁵⁰, P. Paudel¹¹⁶, B. Paul ¹³³, H. Pei ⁶, T. Peitzmann ⁵⁹, X. Peng ¹¹, M. Pennisi ²⁴, S. Perciballi ²⁴, D. Peresunko ¹³⁹, G. M. Perez ⁷, Y. Pestov¹³⁹, M. T. Petersen⁸², V. Petrov ¹³⁹, M. Petrovici ⁴⁵, S. Piano ⁵⁷, M. Pikna ¹³, P. Pillot ¹⁰², O. Pinazza ^51,32, L. Pinsky¹¹⁴, C. Pinto ³², S. Pisano ⁴⁹, M. Płoskoń ⁷³, M. Planinic ⁸⁸, D. K. Plociennik ², M. G. Poghosyan ⁸⁶, B. Polichtchouk ¹³⁹, S. Politano ^24,32, N. Poljak ⁸⁸, A. Pop ⁴⁵, S. Porteboeuf-Houssais ¹²⁵, V. Pozdniakov ^140,∥, I. Y. Pozos ⁴⁴, K. K. Pradhan ⁴⁸, S. K. Prasad ⁴, S. Prasad ⁴⁸, R. Preghenella ⁵¹, F. Prino ⁵⁶, C. A. Pruneau ¹³⁵, I. Pshenichnov ¹³⁹, M. Puccio ³², S. Pucillo ²⁴, L. Quaglia ²⁴, A. M. K. Radhakrishnan⁴⁸, S. Ragoni ¹⁴, A. Rai ¹³⁶, A. Rakotozafindrabe ¹²⁸, N. Ramasubramanian¹²⁶, L. Ramello ^131,56, C. O. Ramírez-Álvarez ⁴⁴, M. Rasa ²⁶, S. S. Räsänen ⁴³, R. Rath ⁵¹, M. P. Rauch ²⁰, I. Ravasenga ³², K. F. Read ^86,120, C. Reckziegel ¹¹¹, A. R. Redelbach ³⁸, K. Redlich ^78,**, C. A. Reetz ⁹⁶, H. D. Regules-Medel ⁴⁴, A. Rehman²⁰, F. Reidt ³², H. A. Reme-Ness ³⁷, K. Reygers ⁹³, A. Riabov ¹³⁹, V. Riabov ¹³⁹, R. Ricci ²⁸, M. Richter ²⁰, A. A. Riedel ⁹⁴, W. Riegler ³², A. G. Riffero ²⁴, M. Rignanese ²⁷, C. Ripoli ²⁸, C. Ristea ⁶³, M. V. Rodriguez ³², M. Rodríguez Cahuantzi ⁴⁴, K. Røed ¹⁹, R. Rogalev ¹³⁹, E. Rogochaya ¹⁴⁰, D. Rohr ³², D. Röhrich ²⁰, S. Rojas Torres ³⁴, P. S. Rokita ¹³⁴, G. Romanenko ²⁵, F. Ronchetti ³², D. Rosales Herrera ⁴⁴, E. D. Rosas⁶⁵, K. Roslon ¹³⁴, A. Rossi ⁵⁴, A. Roy ⁴⁸, S. Roy ⁴⁷, N. Rubini ⁵¹, J. A. Rudolph⁸³, D. Ruggiano ¹³⁴, R. Rui ²³, P. G. Russek ², R. Russo ⁸³, A. Rustamov ⁸⁰, E. Ryabinkin ¹³⁹, Y. Ryabov ¹³⁹, A. Rybicki ¹⁰⁶, L. C. V. Ryder ¹¹⁶, J. Ryu ¹⁶, W. Rzesa ¹³⁴, B. Sabiu ⁵¹, S. Sadhu ⁴², S. Sadovsky ¹³⁹, J. Saetre ²⁰, S. Saha ⁷⁹, B. Sahoo ⁴⁸, R. Sahoo ⁴⁸, D. Sahu ⁴⁸, P. K. Sahu ⁶¹, J. Saini ¹³³, K. Sajdakova³⁶, S. Sakai ¹²³, S. Sambyal ⁹⁰, D. Samitz ¹⁰¹, I. Sanna ^32,94, T. B. Saramela¹⁰⁹, D. Sarkar ⁸², P. Sarma ⁴¹, V. Sarritzu ²², V. M. Sarti ⁹⁴, M. H. P. Sas ³², S. Sawan ⁷⁹, E. Scapparone ⁵¹, J. Schambach ⁸⁶, H. S. Scheid ^32,64, C. Schiaua ⁴⁵, R. Schicker ⁹³, F. Schlepper ^32,93, A. Schmah⁹⁶, C. Schmidt ⁹⁶, M. O. Schmidt ³², M. Schmidt⁹², N. V. Schmidt ⁸⁶, A. R. Schmier ¹²⁰, J. Schoengarth ⁶⁴, R. Schotter ¹⁰¹, A. Schröter ³⁸, J. Schukraft ³², K. Schweda ⁹⁶, G. Scioli ²⁵, E. Scomparin ⁵⁶, J. E. Seger ¹⁴, Y. Sekiguchi¹²², D. Sekihata ¹²², M. Selina ⁸³, I. Selyuzhenkov ⁹⁶, S. Senyukov ¹²⁷, J. J. Seo ⁹³, D. Serebryakov ¹³⁹, L. Serkin ^65,††, L. Šerkšnytė ⁹⁴, A. Sevcenco ⁶³, T. J. Shaba ⁶⁸, A. Shabetai ¹⁰², R. Shahoyan ³², A. Shangaraev ¹³⁹, B. Sharma ⁹⁰, D. Sharma ⁴⁷, H. Sharma ⁵⁴, M. Sharma ⁹⁰, S. Sharma ⁹⁰, T. Sharma ⁴¹, U. Sharma ⁹⁰, A. Shatat ¹²⁹, O. Sheibani¹³⁵, K. Shigaki ⁹¹, M. Shimomura ⁷⁶, S. Shirinkin ¹³⁹, Q. Shou ³⁹, Y. Sibiriak ¹³⁹, S. Siddhanta ⁵², T. Siemiarczuk ⁷⁸, T. F. Silva ¹⁰⁹, D. Silvermyr ⁷⁴, T. Simantathammakul ¹⁰⁴, R. Simeonov ³⁵, B. Singh⁹⁰, B. Singh ⁹⁴, K. Singh ⁴⁸, R. Singh ⁷⁹, R. Singh ^54,96, S. Singh ¹⁵, V. K. Singh ¹³³, V. Singhal ¹³³, T. Sinha ⁹⁸, B. Sitar ¹³, M. Sitta ^131,56, T. B. Skaali ¹⁹, G. Skorodumovs ⁹³, N. Smirnov ¹³⁶, R. J. M. Snellings ⁵⁹, E. H. Solheim ¹⁹, C. Sonnabend ^32,96, J. M. Sonneveld ⁸³, F. Soramel ²⁷, A. B. Soto-Hernandez ⁸⁷, R. Spijkers ⁸³, I. Sputowska ¹⁰⁶, J. Staa ⁷⁴, J. Stachel ⁹³, I. Stan ⁶³, T. Stellhorn ¹²⁴, S. F. Stiefelmaier ⁹³, D. Stocco ¹⁰², I. Storehaug ¹⁹, N. J. Strangmann ⁶⁴, P. Stratmann ¹²⁴, S. Strazzi ²⁵, A. Sturniolo ^30,53, C. P. Stylianidis⁸³, A. A. P. Suaide ¹⁰⁹, C. Suire ¹²⁹, A. Suiu ^32,112, M. Sukhanov ¹³⁹, M. Suljic ³², R. Sultanov ¹³⁹, V. Sumberia ⁹⁰, S. Sumowidagdo ⁸¹, L. H. Tabares ⁷, S. F. Taghavi ⁹⁴, J. Takahashi ¹¹⁰, G. J. Tambave ⁷⁹, Z. Tang ¹¹⁸, J. D. Tapia Takaki ¹¹⁶, N. Tapus ¹¹², L. A. Tarasovicova ³⁶, M. G. Tarzila ⁴⁵, A. Tauro ³², A. Tavira García ¹²⁹, G. Tejeda Muñoz ⁴⁴, L. Terlizzi ²⁴, C. Terrevoli ⁵⁰, D. Thakur ²⁴, S. Thakur ⁴, M. Thogersen ¹⁹, D. Thomas ¹⁰⁷, A. Tikhonov ¹³⁹, N. Tiltmann ^124,32, A. R. Timmins ¹¹⁴, M. Tkacik¹⁰⁵, A. Toia ⁶⁴, R. Tokumoto⁹¹, S. Tomassini ²⁵, K. Tomohiro⁹¹, N. Topilskaya ¹³⁹, M. Toppi ⁴⁹, V. V. Torres ¹⁰², A. Trifiró ^30,53, T. Triloki⁹⁵, A. S. Triolo ^32,30,53, S. Tripathy ³², T. Tripathy ^125,47, S. Trogolo ²⁴, V. Trubnikov ³, W. H. Trzaska ¹¹⁵, T. P. Trzcinski ¹³⁴, C. Tsolanta¹⁹, R. Tu³⁹, A. Tumkin ¹³⁹, R. Turrisi ⁵⁴, T. S. Tveter ¹⁹, K. Ullaland ²⁰, B. Ulukutlu ⁹⁴, S. Upadhyaya ¹⁰⁶, A. Uras ¹²⁶, M. Urioni ²³, G. L. Usai ²², M. Vaid⁹⁰, M. Vala ³⁶, N. Valle ⁵⁵, L. V. R. van Doremalen⁵⁹, M. van Leeuwen ⁸³, C. A. van Veen ⁹³, R. J. G. van Weelden ⁸³, D. Varga ⁴⁶, Z. Varga ¹³⁶, P. Vargas Torres⁶⁵, M. Vasileiou ⁷⁷, A. Vasiliev ^139,∥, O. Vázquez Doce ⁴⁹, O. Vazquez Rueda ¹¹⁴, V. Vechernin ¹³⁹, P. Veen ¹²⁸, E. Vercellin ²⁴, R. Verma ⁴⁷, R. Vértesi ⁴⁶, M. Verweij ⁵⁹, L. Vickovic³³, Z. Vilakazi¹²¹, O. Villalobos Baillie ⁹⁹, A. Villani ²³, A. Vinogradov ¹³⁹, T. Virgili ²⁸, M. M. O. Virta ¹¹⁵, A. Vodopyanov ¹⁴⁰, B. Volkel ³², M. A. Völkl ⁹⁹, S. A. Voloshin ¹³⁵, G. Volpe ³¹, B. von Haller ³², I. Vorobyev ³², N. Vozniuk ¹³⁹, J. Vrláková ³⁶, J. Wan³⁹, C. Wang ³⁹, D. Wang ³⁹, Y. Wang ³⁹, Y. Wang ⁶, Z. Wang ³⁹, A. Wegrzynek ³², F. T. Weiglhofer³⁸, S. C. Wenzel ³², J. P. Wessels ¹²⁴, P. K. Wiacek ², J. Wiechula ⁶⁴, J. Wikne ¹⁹, G. Wilk ⁷⁸, J. Wilkinson ⁹⁶, G. A. Willems ¹²⁴, B. Windelband ⁹³, M. Winn ¹²⁸, J. R. Wright ¹⁰⁷, W. Wu³⁹, Y. Wu ¹¹⁸, K. Xiong³⁹, Z. Xiong¹¹⁸, R. Xu ⁶, A. Yadav ⁴², A. K. Yadav ¹³³, Y. Yamaguchi ⁹¹, S. Yang ⁵⁸, S. Yang ²⁰, S. Yano ⁹¹, E. R. Yeats¹⁸, J. Yi ⁶, Z. Yin ⁶, I.-K. Yoo ¹⁶, J. H. Yoon ⁵⁸, H. Yu ¹², S. Yuan²⁰, A. Yuncu ⁹³, V. Zaccolo ²³, C. Zampolli ³², F. Zanone ⁹³, N. Zardoshti ³², P. Závada ⁶², M. Zhalov ¹³⁹, B. Zhang ⁹³, C. Zhang ¹²⁸, L. Zhang ³⁹, M. Zhang ^125,6, M. Zhang ^27,6, S. Zhang ³⁹, X. Zhang ⁶, Y. Zhang¹¹⁸, Y. Zhang¹¹⁸, Z. Zhang ⁶, M. Zhao ¹⁰, V. Zherebchevskii ¹³⁹, Y. Zhi¹⁰, D. Zhou ⁶, Y. Zhou ⁸², J. Zhu ^54,6, S. Zhu^96,118, Y. Zhu⁶, S. C. Zugravel ⁵⁶, and N. Zurlo ^132,55 (ALICE Collaboration)

¹A.I. Alikhanyan National Science Laboratory (Yerevan Physics Institute) Foundation, Yerevan, Armenia
²AGH University of Krakow, Cracow, Poland
³Bogolyubov Institute for Theoretical Physics, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Kiev, Ukraine
⁴Bose Institute, Department of Physics and Centre for Astroparticle Physics and Space Science (CAPSS), Kolkata, India
⁵California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo, California, USA
⁶Central China Normal University, Wuhan, China
⁷Centro de Aplicaciones Tecnológicas y Desarrollo Nuclear (CEADEN), Havana, Cuba
⁸Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados (CINVESTAV), Mexico City and Mérida, Mexico
⁹Chicago State University, Chicago, Illinois, USA
¹⁰China Nuclear Data Center, China Institute of Atomic Energy, Beijing, China
¹¹China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, China
¹²Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
¹³Comenius University Bratislava, Faculty of Mathematics, Physics and Informatics, Bratislava, Slovak Republic
¹⁴Creighton University, Omaha, Nebraska, USA
¹⁵Department of Physics, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, India
¹⁶Department of Physics, Pusan National University, Pusan, Republic of Korea
¹⁷Department of Physics, Sejong University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
¹⁸Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, California, USA
¹⁹Department of Physics, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
²⁰Department of Physics and Technology, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
²¹Dipartimento di Fisica, Università di Pavia, Pavia, Italy
²²Dipartimento di Fisica dell'Università and Sezione INFN, Cagliari, Italy
²³Dipartimento di Fisica dell'Università and Sezione INFN, Trieste, Italy
²⁴Dipartimento di Fisica dell'Università and Sezione INFN, Turin, Italy
²⁵Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia dell'Università and Sezione INFN, Bologna, Italy
²⁶Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia dell'Università and Sezione INFN, Catania, Italy
²⁷Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia dell'Università and Sezione INFN, Padova, Italy
²⁸Dipartimento di Fisica “E.R. Caianiello” dell'Università and Gruppo Collegato INFN, Salerno, Italy
²⁹Dipartimento DISAT del Politecnico and Sezione INFN, Turin, Italy
³⁰Dipartimento di Scienze MIFT, Università di Messina, Messina, Italy
³¹Dipartimento Interateneo di Fisica “M. Merlin” and Sezione INFN, Bari, Italy
³² European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN), Geneva, Switzerland
³³Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Mechanical Engineering and Naval Architecture, University of Split, Split, Croatia
³⁴Faculty of Nuclear Sciences and Physical Engineering, Czech Technical University in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
³⁵Faculty of Physics, Sofia University, Sofia, Bulgaria
³⁶Faculty of Science, P.J. Šafárik University, Košice, Slovak Republic
³⁷Faculty of Technology, Environmental and Social Sciences, Bergen, Norway
³⁸Frankfurt Institute for Advanced Studies, Johann Wolfgang Goethe-Universität Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
³⁹Fudan University, Shanghai, China
⁴⁰Gangneung-Wonju National University, Gangneung, Republic of Korea
⁴¹Gauhati University, Department of Physics, Guwahati, India
⁴²Helmholtz-Institut für Strahlen- und Kernphysik, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, Bonn, Germany
⁴³Helsinki Institute of Physics (HIP), Helsinki, Finland
⁴⁴High Energy Physics Group, Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, Puebla, Mexico
⁴⁵Horia Hulubei National Institute of Physics and Nuclear Engineering, Bucharest, Romania
⁴⁶HUN-REN Wigner Research Centre for Physics, Budapest, Hungary
⁴⁷Indian Institute of Technology Bombay (IIT), Mumbai, India
⁴⁸Indian Institute of Technology Indore, Indore, India
⁴⁹INFN, Laboratori Nazionali di Frascati, Frascati, Italy
⁵⁰INFN, Sezione di Bari, Bari, Italy
⁵¹INFN, Sezione di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
⁵²INFN, Sezione di Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
⁵³INFN, Sezione di Catania, Catania, Italy
⁵⁴INFN, Sezione di Padova, Padova, Italy
⁵⁵INFN, Sezione di Pavia, Pavia, Italy
⁵⁶INFN, Sezione di Torino, Turin, Italy
⁵⁷INFN, Sezione di Trieste, Trieste, Italy
⁵⁸Inha University, Incheon, Republic of Korea
⁵⁹Institute for Gravitational and Subatomic Physics (GRASP), Utrecht University/Nikhef, Utrecht, Netherlands
⁶⁰Institute of Experimental Physics, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Košice, Slovak Republic
⁶¹Institute of Physics, Homi Bhabha National Institute, Bhubaneswar, India
⁶²Institute of Physics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
⁶³Institute of Space Science (ISS), Bucharest, Romania
⁶⁴Institut für Kernphysik, Johann Wolfgang Goethe-Universität Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
⁶⁵Instituto de Ciencias Nucleares, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
⁶⁶Instituto de Física, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brazil
⁶⁷Instituto de Física, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
⁶⁸iThemba LABS, National Research Foundation, Somerset West, South Africa
⁶⁹Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju, Republic of Korea
⁷⁰Johann-Wolfgang-Goethe Universität Frankfurt Institut für Informatik, Fachbereich Informatik und Mathematik, Frankfurt, Germany
⁷¹Korea Institute of Science and Technology Information, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
⁷²Laboratoire de Physique Subatomique et de Cosmologie, Université Grenoble-Alpes, CNRS-IN2P3, Grenoble, France
⁷³Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California, USA
⁷⁴Lund University Department of Physics, Division of Particle Physics, Lund, Sweden
⁷⁵Nagasaki Institute of Applied Science, Nagasaki, Japan
⁷⁶Nara Women's University (NWU), Nara, Japan
⁷⁷National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, School of Science, Department of Physics, Athens, Greece
⁷⁸National Centre for Nuclear Research, Warsaw, Poland
⁷⁹National Institute of Science Education and Research, Homi Bhabha National Institute, Jatni, India
⁸⁰National Nuclear Research Center, Baku, Azerbaijan
⁸¹National Research and Innovation Agency - BRIN, Jakarta, Indonesia
⁸²Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
⁸³Nikhef, National institute for subatomic physics, Amsterdam, Netherlands
⁸⁴Nuclear Physics Group, STFC Daresbury Laboratory, Daresbury, United Kingdom
⁸⁵Nuclear Physics Institute of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Husinec-Řež, Czech Republic
⁸⁶Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, USA
⁸⁷Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
⁸⁸Physics department, Faculty of science, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
⁸⁹Physics Department, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India
⁹⁰Physics Department, University of Jammu, Jammu, India
⁹¹Physics Program and International Institute for Sustainability with Knotted Chiral Meta Matter (WPI-SKCM²), Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
⁹²Physikalisches Institut, Eberhard-Karls-Universität Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
⁹³Physikalisches Institut, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
⁹⁴Physik Department, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
⁹⁵Politecnico di Bari and Sezione INFN, Bari, Italy
⁹⁶Research Division and ExtreMe Matter Institute EMMI, GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung GmbH, Darmstadt, Germany
⁹⁷Saga University, Saga, Japan
⁹⁸Saha Institute of Nuclear Physics, Homi Bhabha National Institute, Kolkata, India
⁹⁹School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
¹⁰⁰Sección Física, Departamento de Ciencias, Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú, Lima, Peru
¹⁰¹Stefan Meyer Institut für Subatomare Physik (SMI), Vienna, Austria
¹⁰²SUBATECH, IMT Atlantique, Nantes Université, CNRS-IN2P3, Nantes, France
¹⁰³Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon City, Republic of Korea
¹⁰⁴Suranaree University of Technology, Nakhon Ratchasima, Thailand
¹⁰⁵Technical University of Košice, Košice, Slovak Republic
¹⁰⁶The Henryk Niewodniczanski Institute of Nuclear Physics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Cracow, Poland
¹⁰⁷The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, USA
¹⁰⁸Universidad Autónoma de Sinaloa, Culiacán, Mexico
¹⁰⁹Universidade de São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, Brazil
¹¹⁰Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Brazil
¹¹¹Universidade Federal do ABC, Santo Andre, Brazil
¹¹²Universitatea Nationala de Stiinta si Tehnologie Politehnica Bucuresti, Bucharest, Romania
¹¹³University of Derby, Derby, United Kingdom
¹¹⁴University of Houston, Houston, Texas, USA
¹¹⁵University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
¹¹⁶University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas, USA
¹¹⁷University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
¹¹⁸University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
¹¹⁹University of South-Eastern Norway, Kongsberg, Norway
¹²⁰University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee, USA
¹²¹University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
¹²²University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
¹²³University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
¹²⁴Universität Münster, Institut für Kernphysik, Münster, Germany
¹²⁵Université Clermont Auvergne, CNRS/IN2P3, LPC, Clermont-Ferrand, France
¹²⁶Université de Lyon, CNRS/IN2P3, Institut de Physique des 2 Infinis de Lyon, Lyon, France
¹²⁷Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, IPHC UMR 7178, F-67000 Strasbourg, France, Strasbourg, France
¹²⁸Université Paris-Saclay, Centre d'Etudes de Saclay (CEA), IRFU, Départment de Physique Nucléaire (DPhN), Saclay, France
¹²⁹Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS/IN2P3, IJCLab, Orsay, France
¹³⁰Università degli Studi di Foggia, Foggia, Italy
¹³¹Università del Piemonte Orientale, Vercelli, Italy
¹³²Università di Brescia, Brescia, Italy
¹³³Variable Energy Cyclotron Centre, Homi Bhabha National Institute, Kolkata, India
¹³⁴Warsaw University of Technology, Warsaw, Poland
¹³⁵Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, USA
¹³⁶Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
¹³⁷Yildiz Technical University, Istanbul, Turkey
¹³⁸Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
¹³⁹Affiliated with an institute formerly covered by a cooperation agreement with CERN
¹⁴⁰Affiliated with an international laboratory covered by a cooperation agreement with CERN

^*Also at Max-Planck-Institut fur Physik, Munich, Germany.
^†Also at Italian National Agency for New Technologies, Energy and Sustainable Economic Development (ENEA), Bologna, Italy.
^‡Also at Instituto de Fisica da Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil.
^§Also at Dipartimento DET del Politecnico di Torino, Turin, Italy.
^∥Deceased.
^¶Also at Department of Applied Physics, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, India.
^**Also at Institute of Theoretical Physics, University of Wroclaw, Poland.
^††Also at Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico.

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Phys. Rev. C 112, 064003 – Published 12 December, 2025

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1103/mrp4-z4hh

Abstract

Femtoscopy of nonidentical particle pairs has been instrumental for precision measurements of both two-particle sources and the final-state interactions in high-energy elementary and heavy-ion collisions. The majority of measurements assessing the source properties are based on identical particle pairs, providing direct access to the characteristics of the single-particle source. The work in this paper demonstrates, via femtoscopy measurements of charged pion-deuteron pairs in Pb-Pb collisions at $\sqrt{s_{NN}} = 5.02$ TeV, the feasibility of accessing the characteristics of the single-particle femtoscopic source by using particle pairs with large mass differences such as pions and deuterons. The first experimental results of the measurement of deuteron source sizes in ultrarelativistic heavy-ion collisions are presented. The results show good agreement with the trend derived from other charged hadrons such as pions, kaons, and protons as a function of transverse mass, indicating similar source properties.

Physics Subject Headings (PhySH)

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https://www.hepdata.net/record/ins2907579.

Phys. Rev. C 112, 064003– Published 12 December, 2025

Vol. 112, Iss. 6 — December 2025

Received 7 May 2025
Accepted 31 October 2025

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1103/mrp4-z4hh

Published by the American Physical Society under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International license. Further distribution of this work must maintain attribution to the author(s) and the published article's title, journal citation, and DOI. Open access publication funded by CERN.

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Accessing the deuteron source with pion-deuteron femtoscopy in Pb-Pb collisions at $\sqrt{s_{N N}} = 5.02$ TeV

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Accessing the deuteron source with pion-deuteron femtoscopy in Pb-Pb collisions at sNN=5.02 TeV

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Accessing the deuteron source with pion-deuteron femtoscopy in Pb-Pb collisions at $\sqrt{s_{N N}} = 5.02$ TeV